Abstract

Here, we review the occurrence and frequency of pollen-mediated interspecific gene flow from genetically improved crops to weedy, wild, or conventional relatives, and summarize the strategies used to control or minimize possible ecological risks associated with the release of transgenic crops. Compatibility is the primary issue, followed by spatio-temporal synchrony of flowering. Scattering distance, life span of pollen (in the case of anemophilous crops), and the amount of pollinators (in the case of entomophilous crops) represent other issues. At the landscape and regional scale, additional factors influence gene flow, including the ratio of donor and recipient fields, the shape and topography of fields, and environmental factors. The rate of cross-fertilization decreases with increasing distance from the pollen source. The greatest hybridization frequency occurs within the first 10 m of the recipient field. Thus, potential environmental problems, including herbicide resistance, could be mitigated by establishing buffer zones, buffer crops, or cleistogamy, or by selecting suitable cultivars or herbicides and implementing appropriate crop rotation.

摘要

在这里，我们回顾了花粉介导的种间基因从遗传改良作物到杂草、野生或传统近缘种的发生和频率，并总结了用于控制或最小化与转基因作物释放相关的可能生态风险的策略。兼容性是首要问题，其次是开花的时空同步。散射距离、花粉的寿命（在风虫作物的情况下）和传粉者的数量（在虫媒作物的情况下）代表了其他问题。在景观和区域尺度上，影响基因流动的其他因素包括供体和受体田的比例、田地的形状和地形以及环境因素。杂交受精率随着与花粉源距离的增加而降低。最大的杂交频率发生在受体场的前 10 m 内。因此，潜在的环境问题，包括除草剂抗性，可以通过建立缓冲区、缓冲作物或闭锁，或通过选择合适的栽培品种或除草剂并实施适当的轮作来减轻。