Laboratory animal models are beneficial when they recapitulate all or just some of the clinical and immunological manifestations of the disease. Various animals such as cats, rats, dogs, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, minks, pigs, and primates have been described lupus-like phenotype. However, a mouse has remained the preferable animal for scientific investigations as a result of their reduced lifespan, easy reproduction, markedly low costs, public acceptance, ease of genetic management, and the probability to stay under standardized conditions. It is highly challenging to establish a mouse model with all features of lupus because of the difficulty and the heterogeneity of the clinical features in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Additionally, due to the multiple differences between the mouse and human immune system, the direct translation usually fails. Each mouse model has specific characteristics and shares many subsets of aspects with the disease observed in humans, which gives researchers a tool to select their particular needs. Over 50 years, many mice models have been developed and used to dissect the pathogenesis of lupus, also to test novel drugs and therapies. In general, mice models that contribute considerably in SLE understanding can be divided into four groups: Spontaneous models, induced models, genetically modified models, along with humanizing mouse models that are the link between the mouse and human immune system. In this updated review, we will present what has been learned from different lupus mice models and how these models have contributed to a better understanding of lupus pathogenesis and treatment.

当实验动物模型概括该疾病的全部或部分临床和免疫学表现时，它们是有益的。已经描述了各种动物，例如猫，大鼠，狗，仓鼠，豚鼠，兔，马，貂，猪和灵长类动物。但是，由于它们的寿命短，易于繁殖，成本低廉，公众认可，易于遗传管理以及保持在标准条件下的可能性，因此鼠标仍然是科学研究的首选动物。由于系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的临床特征存在难度和异质性，因此要建立具有狼疮所有特征的小鼠模型具有很高的挑战性。此外，由于小鼠和人类免疫系统之间存在多种差异，直接翻译通常会失败。每个小鼠模型都有特定的特征，并且与人类观察到的疾病共享许多方面的子集，这为研究人员提供了选择其特殊需求的工具。50多年来，已开发出许多小鼠模型并用于剖析狼疮的发病机理，还用于测试新型药物和疗法。通常，对SLE理解有重要贡献的小鼠模型可以分为四类：自发模型，诱导模型，基因改造模型以及人性化的小鼠模型，它们是小鼠与人类免疫系统之间的纽带。在此更新的综述中，我们将介绍从不同的狼疮小鼠模型中学到的知识，以及这些模型如何有助于更好地了解狼疮的发病机理和治疗方法。每个小鼠模型都有特定的特征，并且与人类观察到的疾病共享许多方面的子集，这为研究人员提供了选择其特殊需求的工具。50多年来，已开发出许多小鼠模型，并用于解剖狼疮的发病机理，还用于测试新药和疗法。通常，对SLE理解有重要贡献的小鼠模型可以分为四类：自发模型，诱导模型，基因改造模型以及人性化的小鼠模型，它们是小鼠与人类免疫系统之间的纽带。在此更新的综述中，我们将介绍从不同的狼疮小鼠模型中学到的知识，以及这些模型如何有助于更好地了解狼疮的发病机理和治疗方法。每个小鼠模型都具有特定的特征，并且与人类观察到的疾病共享许多方面的子集，这为研究人员提供了选择其特定需求的工具。50多年来，已开发出许多小鼠模型并用于剖析狼疮的发病机理，还用于测试新型药物和疗法。通常，对SLE理解有重要贡献的小鼠模型可以分为四类：自发模型，诱导模型，基因改造模型以及人性化的小鼠模型，它们是小鼠与人类免疫系统之间的纽带。在此更新的综述中，我们将介绍从不同的狼疮小鼠模型中学到的知识，以及这些模型如何有助于更好地了解狼疮的发病机理和治疗方法。