We describe and evaluate historical simulations which use the third Hadley Centre Global Environment Model in the Global Coupled configuration 3.1 (HadGEM3‐GC3.1) and which form part of the UK's contribution to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP6. These simulations, run at two resolutions, respond to historically evolving forcings such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, solar irradiance, volcanic aerosols, land use, and ozone concentrations. We assess the response of the simulations to these historical forcings and compare against the observational record. This includes the evolution of global mean surface temperature, ocean heat content, sea ice extent, ice sheet mass balance, permafrost extent, snow cover, North Atlantic sea surface temperature and circulation, and decadal precipitation. We find that the simulated time evolution of global mean surface temperature broadly follows the observed record but with important quantitative differences which we find are most likely attributable to strong effective radiative forcing from anthropogenic aerosols and a weak pattern of sea surface temperature response in the low to middle latitudes to volcanic eruptions. We also find evidence that anthropogenic aerosol forcings play a role in driving the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which are key features of the North Atlantic ocean. Overall, the model historical simulations show many features in common with the observed record over the period 1850–2014 and so provide a basis for future in‐depth study of recent climate change.

中文翻译：

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HadGEM3-GC3.1用于CMIP6的历史模拟

我们描述和评估历史模拟，这些模拟在全球耦合配置3.1（HadGEM3-GC3.1）中使用第三个Hadley中心全球环境模型，并且构成了英国对第六个耦合模型比对项目CMIP6的贡献的一部分。这些模拟以两种分辨率运行，以响应历史上不断变化的强迫，例如温室气体，气溶胶，太阳辐照度，火山气溶胶，土地利用和臭氧浓度。我们评估模拟对这些历史强迫的响应，并与观测记录进行比较。这包括全球平均地表温度，海洋热量，海冰范围，冰盖质量平衡，多年冻土范围，积雪，北大西洋海表温度和环流以及年代际降水的演变。我们发现，模拟的全球平均地表温度时间演变大致遵循观测记录，但存在重要的定量差异，我们发现这很可能归因于人为气溶胶产生的强有效辐射强迫和低到高海平面温度响应的弱模式。中纬度火山爆发。我们还发现，人为气溶胶强迫在推动大西洋多年代际变化和大西洋子午线翻转循环中起着作用，这是北大西洋的主要特征。总体而言，模型的历史模拟显示了与1850-2014年期间的观测记录相同的许多特征，因此为将来对近期气候变化的深入研究提供了基础。