Abstract Yardangs, as typical aeolian landforms, are extensively identified in arid/hyper-arid areas on Earth and other terrestrial bodies. In this review, based on analyses of morphology, distribution, age, climate, and geologic condition of yardangs worldwide, we (1) assess the impacts of various controlling factors on yardang development to generalize a model based on morphology; (2) illustrate the climate-driven mechanism for yardangs; (3) propose a geomorphological evolutionary model of yardang fields; and (4) discuss potential implications of the above two models of yardang evolution on Earth to Mars. It is demonstrated that both deflation and abrasion work on yardang development, and it is the lithology to determine which one will be more effective. In addition, the wind action dominates the general aerodynamic form of yardangs, while non-aeolian factors account for the diversity in yardang morphology. Thus, a model including four stages and initiating mechanisms is generalized for yardang processes, from initiation to demise. The synthetic analyses of meteorological data, chronology, and paleoclimatic proxies show that yardang development is mostly controlled by westerlies, and would be accelerated during glacial periods and interrupted by lake formation during interglacial periods due to dry-humid fluctuations and changes in atmospheric circulation, driven by variations in solar radiation at orbital scales. This leads to the zonal distributions of yardangs near 30° in both hemispheres. Depressions would be created or enlarged in yardang fields during glacial period, along with activities of dust release and transport, leading to aeolian deposition (e.g. loess) downwind. The depressions, then, could be turned into lakes during wet phase of interglacial period and evolved into new yardangs in the following glacial period due to wind erosion. This climate-controlled geomorphological process under glacial-interglacial cycles suggests that high accumulation rate in sediments from enclosed inland basins (e.g. the Qaidam Basin) doesn't mean high-resolution climatic record due to the hiatus by wind erosion, indicating the significance of robust chronology establishment before any climatic correlation. Under the rules of Earth-based yardang evolution, it is potential to identify the specific level of development and explore the geomorphological processes as well as the climatic background for yardangs on Mars.

中文翻译：

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地球上的雅丹及其对火星的影响：综述

摘要 雅丹地貌作为典型的风成地貌，在地球上的干旱/超干旱地区和其他陆地上被广泛识别。在这篇综述中，基于对世界各地雅塘的形态、分布、年龄、气候和地质条件的分析，我们（1）评估了各种控制因素对雅塘发展的影响，以推广基于形态的模型；(2) 说明雅当的气候驱动机制；(3) 提出雅塘油田地貌演化模型；(4) 讨论上述两种亚当演化模型在地球到火星上的潜在影响。研究表明，紧缩和磨蚀对雅塘的开发都有影响，决定哪一种更有效是岩性的。此外，风的作用支配了 yardangs 的一般空气动力学形式，而非风成因素解释了雅丹形态的多样性。因此，一个包括四个阶段和启动机制的模型被概括为 yardang 过程，从启动到消亡。气象资料、年代学和古气候代理综合分析表明，雅塘的发育主要受西风控制，冰期加速，间冰期由于干湿波动和大气环流变化而被湖泊形成中断，驱动通过轨道尺度上太阳辐射的变化。这导致了两个半球中 30° 附近的 yardangs 带状分布。冰河期雅塘田的洼地会形成或扩大，伴随着粉尘的释放和输送活动，导致风积沉积（如黄土）顺风向。这些洼地在间冰期的湿润期可转变成湖泊，并在下一个冰期由于风蚀而演变成新的雅塘。这种在冰期-间冰期循环下受气候控制的地貌过程表明封闭内陆盆地（如柴达木盆地）沉积物的高积累率并不意味着由于风蚀中断而导致的高分辨率气候记录，表明稳健的重要性在任何气候相关性之前建立年表。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。间冰期湿润期可转为湖泊，下冰期因风蚀演变成新的雅塘。这种在冰期-间冰期循环下受气候控制的地貌过程表明封闭内陆盆地（如柴达木盆地）沉积物的高积累率并不意味着由于风蚀中断而导致的高分辨率气候记录，表明稳健的重要性在任何气候相关性之前建立年表。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。间冰期湿润期可转为湖泊，下冰期因风蚀演变成新的雅塘。这种在冰期-间冰期循环下受气候控制的地貌过程表明封闭内陆盆地（如柴达木盆地）沉积物的高积累率并不意味着由于风蚀中断而导致的高分辨率气候记录，表明稳健的重要性在任何气候相关性之前建立年表。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。这种在冰期-间冰期循环下受气候控制的地貌过程表明封闭内陆盆地（例如柴达木盆地）沉积物的高积累率并不意味着由于风蚀中断而导致的高分辨率气候记录，表明稳健的重要性在任何气候相关性之前建立年表。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。这种在冰期-间冰期循环下受气候控制的地貌过程表明封闭内陆盆地（例如柴达木盆地）沉积物的高积累率并不意味着由于风蚀中断而导致的高分辨率气候记录，表明稳健的重要性在任何气候相关性之前建立年表。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。表明在任何气候相关性之前建立稳健的年表的重要性。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。表明在任何气候相关性之前建立稳健的年表的重要性。在基于地球的亚当演化规律下，有可能确定火星上亚当的具体发展水平并探索地貌过程和气候背景。