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Where does it go? The fate of thiocyanate in the aquarium water and blood plasma of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide
bioRxiv - Pharmacology and Toxicology Pub Date : 2020-05-05 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.076430 J. Alexander Bonanno , Nancy E. Breen , Michael F. Tlusty , Lawrence J. Andrade , Andrew L. Rhyne
bioRxiv - Pharmacology and Toxicology Pub Date : 2020-05-05 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.076430 J. Alexander Bonanno , Nancy E. Breen , Michael F. Tlusty , Lawrence J. Andrade , Andrew L. Rhyne
The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues to damage coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a simple, reliable test to detect whether or not a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. This study analyzed the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure as well as chronic exposure to thiocyanate (SCN), the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 seconds or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days. Blood plasma levels of SCN were measured following derivatization to SCN-bimane using an Acquity UPLC I-Class and Q-Exactive hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap HRAM mass spectrometer or directly by HPLC-UV. After exposure to CN, depending on the duration of exposure, SCN plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (300–470 ppb) 0.13–0.17 days after exposure, had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life, and often did not return to baseline levels. The half-life of plasma SCN after direct exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days, similar to the CN exposure, and that SCN in the holding water would often drop below detection. Finally, we observed that when a fish, never exposed to SCN, was placed in aquarium water spiked with SCN, there was a steady decrease in aqueous SCN concentration over 24 hours until it could no longer be detected. This pattern was repeated with a second sequential dose. These results demonstrate that A. clarkii do not excrete SCN after CN exposure, but in fact can absorb low concentrations of SCN from water, refuting several publications. It appears that A. clarkii exhibit a classic two compartment model where SCN is rapidly eliminated from the blood plasma and is distributed throughout the tissue but not excreted in their urine. This study demonstrates that SCN may be used as a marker of CN exposure only if fish are tested shortly after exposure. There is species specific variability in response to CN, and studies of other taxa need to be performed before this test can be deployed in the field.
中文翻译:
去哪儿了?氰化物暴露于两栖类鱼类的水和血浆中硫氰酸盐的去向
非法捕捞氰化物的行为继续破坏了整个印度太平洋的珊瑚礁生态系统。为了对抗这种破坏性捕鱼方法,需要一种简单,可靠的测试来检测是否已使用氰化物(CN)捕获了鱼类。这项研究分析了在小丑鱼两栖类鱼类克拉克鱼中,急性脉冲CN暴露以及慢性暴露于CN的主要代谢产物硫氰酸盐(SCN)的毒性代谢动力学。。将鱼脉冲暴露于50 ppm CN 20或45秒,或长期暴露于100 ppm SCN 12天。使用Acquity UPLC I-Class和Q-Exactive混合四极杆-Orbitrap HRAM质谱仪或直接通过HPLC-UV衍生为SCN-二烯后,测量SCN的血浆水平。暴露于CN后,根据暴露时间长短,SCN血浆水平在暴露后0.13-0.17天达到最大浓度(300-470 ppb),半衰期为0.1-1.2天,通常不会恢复到基线水平。直接暴露于SCN后,血浆SCN的半衰期为0.13天,与CN暴露相似,并且滞留水中的SCN通常会降至检测以下。最后,我们观察到,将从未接触过SCN的鱼放入掺有SCN的水族馆水中,在24小时内,水溶液中的SCN浓度持续下降,直到无法检测到为止。以第二顺序剂量重复该模式。这些结果表明A. clarkii不会在暴露于CN后排泄SCN,但实际上可以从水中吸收低浓度的SCN,这驳斥了一些出版物。似乎克拉克曲霉具有经典的两室模型,其中SCN迅速从血浆中消除,并分布在整个组织中,但未从其尿液中排出。这项研究表明,只有在暴露后不久对鱼进行测试,SCN才可以用作CN暴露的标志。对CN的响应存在特定于物种的变异性,需要进行其他分类单元的研究才能将该测试部署到现场。
更新日期:2020-05-05
中文翻译:
去哪儿了?氰化物暴露于两栖类鱼类的水和血浆中硫氰酸盐的去向
非法捕捞氰化物的行为继续破坏了整个印度太平洋的珊瑚礁生态系统。为了对抗这种破坏性捕鱼方法,需要一种简单,可靠的测试来检测是否已使用氰化物(CN)捕获了鱼类。这项研究分析了在小丑鱼两栖类鱼类克拉克鱼中,急性脉冲CN暴露以及慢性暴露于CN的主要代谢产物硫氰酸盐(SCN)的毒性代谢动力学。。将鱼脉冲暴露于50 ppm CN 20或45秒,或长期暴露于100 ppm SCN 12天。使用Acquity UPLC I-Class和Q-Exactive混合四极杆-Orbitrap HRAM质谱仪或直接通过HPLC-UV衍生为SCN-二烯后,测量SCN的血浆水平。暴露于CN后,根据暴露时间长短,SCN血浆水平在暴露后0.13-0.17天达到最大浓度(300-470 ppb),半衰期为0.1-1.2天,通常不会恢复到基线水平。直接暴露于SCN后,血浆SCN的半衰期为0.13天,与CN暴露相似,并且滞留水中的SCN通常会降至检测以下。最后,我们观察到,将从未接触过SCN的鱼放入掺有SCN的水族馆水中,在24小时内,水溶液中的SCN浓度持续下降,直到无法检测到为止。以第二顺序剂量重复该模式。这些结果表明A. clarkii不会在暴露于CN后排泄SCN,但实际上可以从水中吸收低浓度的SCN,这驳斥了一些出版物。似乎克拉克曲霉具有经典的两室模型,其中SCN迅速从血浆中消除,并分布在整个组织中,但未从其尿液中排出。这项研究表明,只有在暴露后不久对鱼进行测试,SCN才可以用作CN暴露的标志。对CN的响应存在特定于物种的变异性,需要进行其他分类单元的研究才能将该测试部署到现场。