In recent years, special attention has been given to the long-term effects of biochar on the performance of agro-ecosystems owing to its potential for improving soil fertility, harvested crop yields, and aboveground biomass production. The present experiment was set up to identify the effects on soil-plant systems of biochar produced more than 150 years ago in charcoal mound kiln sites in Wallonia (Belgium). Although the impacts of biochar on soil-plant systems are being increasingly discussed, a detailed monitoring of the crop dynamics throughout the growing season has not yet been well addressed. At present there is considerable interest in applying remote sensing for crop growth monitoring in order to improve sustainable agricultural practices. However, studies using high-resolution remote sensing data to focus on century-old biochar effects are not yet available. For the first time, the impacts of century-old biochar on crop growth were investigated at canopy level using high-resolution airborne remote sensing data over a cultivated field. High-resolution RGB, multispectral and thermal sensors mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were used to generate high frequency remote sensing information on the crop dynamics. UAVs were flown over 11 century-old charcoal-enriched soil patches and the adjacent reference soils of a chicory field. We retrieved crucial crop parameters such as canopy cover, vegetation indices and crop water stress from the UAV imageries. In addition, our study also provides in-situ measurements of soil properties and crop traits. Both UAV-based RGB imagery and in-situ measurements demonstrated that the presence of century-old biochar significantly improved chicory canopy cover, with greater leaf lengths in biochar patches. Weighted difference vegetation index imagery showed a negative influence of biochar presence on plant greenness at the end of the growing season. Chicory crop stress was significantly increased by biochar presence, whereas the harvested crop yield was not affected. The main significant variations observed between reference and century-old biochar patches using in situ measurements of crop traits concerned leaf length. Hence, the output from the present study will be of great interest to help developing climate-smart agriculture practices allowing for adaptation and mitigation to climate.

近年来，由于生物炭具有改善土壤肥力，收获的农作物产量和地上生物量生产的潜力，因此特别关注了生物炭对农业生态系统性能的长期影响。进行本实验的目的是确定150年前在瓦隆（比利时）的木炭窑窑中生产的生物炭对土壤-植物系统的影响。尽管越来越多地讨论了生物炭对土壤-植物系统的影响，但尚未很好地解决对整个生长期作物动态的详细监测。目前，人们对将遥感应用于作物生长监测以改善可持续农业作法有相当大的兴趣。然而，尚无使用高分辨率遥感数据关注百年生物炭效应的研究。首次使用耕地上的高分辨率机载遥感数据，在树冠层上研究了百年生物炭对作物生长的影响。安装在无人机（UAV）上的高分辨率RGB，多光谱和热传感器用于生成有关作物动态的高频遥感信息。无人机飞过11世纪历史悠久的富含木炭的土壤斑块和菊苣领域的相邻参考土壤。我们从无人机图像中检索了关键的作物参数，例如冠层覆盖率，植被指数和作物水分胁迫。此外，我们的研究还提供 我们使用耕地上的高分辨率机载遥感数据，在树冠层上研究了具有百年历史的生物炭对作物生长的影响。安装在无人机（UAV）上的高分辨率RGB，多光谱和热传感器用于生成有关作物动态的高频遥感信息。无人机飞过11世纪历史悠久的富含木炭的土壤斑块和菊苣领域的相邻参考土壤。我们从无人机图像中检索了关键的作物参数，例如冠层覆盖率，植被指数和作物水分胁迫。此外，我们的研究还提供 我们使用耕地上的高分辨率机载遥感数据，在树冠层上研究了具有百年历史的生物炭对作物生长的影响。安装在无人机（UAV）上的高分辨率RGB，多光谱和热传感器用于生成有关作物动态的高频遥感信息。无人机飞过11世纪历史悠久的富含木炭的土壤斑块和菊苣田的相邻参考土壤。我们从无人机图像中检索了关键的作物参数，如树冠覆盖，植被指数和作物水分胁迫。此外，我们的研究还提供 安装在无人机（UAV）上的多光谱和热传感器用于生成有关作物动态的高频遥感信息。无人机飞行在11世纪历史悠久的富含木炭的土壤斑块和菊苣领域的相邻参考土壤上。我们从无人机图像中检索了关键的作物参数，例如冠层覆盖率，植被指数和作物水分胁迫。此外，我们的研究还提供 安装在无人机（UAV）上的多光谱和热传感器用于生成有关作物动态的高频遥感信息。无人机飞行在11世纪历史悠久的富含木炭的土壤斑块和菊苣领域的相邻参考土壤上。我们从无人机图像中检索了关键的作物参数，如树冠覆盖，植被指数和作物水分胁迫。此外，我们的研究还提供土壤特性和作物特性的现场测量。基于UAV的RGB图像和原位测量均表明，具有百年历史的生物炭的存在显着改善了菊苣冠层的覆盖度，并且生物炭斑片的叶长更长。加权差异植被指数图像显示，生长期结束时生物炭的存在对植物绿色度有负面影响。生物炭的存在使菊苣作物的压力显着增加，而收获的作物产量未受影响。在原位使用参考和百年生物炭补丁之间观察到的主要显着变化作物性状的测量与叶长有关。因此，本研究的结果将对帮助发展气候智能型农业实践以适应和缓解气候产生极大的兴趣。