BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized training, education, and device testing. Understanding the design and physical properties of 3D-printed models is important. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the design, physical properties, accuracy, and experimental outcomes of 3D-printed vascular models used in neurointervention. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature between January 1, 2000 and September 30, 2018. Public/Publisher MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Compendex, Cochrane, and Inspec databases were searched using Medical Subject Heading terms for design and physical attributes of 3D-printed models for neurointervention. Information on design and physical properties like compliance, lubricity, flow system, accuracy, and outcome measures were collected. RESULTS A total of 23 articles were included. Nine studies described 3D-printed models for stroke intervention. Tango Plus (Stratasys) was the most common material used to develop these models. Four studies described a population-representative geometry model. All other studies reported patient-specific vascular geometry. Eight studies reported complete reconstruction of the circle of Willis, anterior, and posterior circulation. Four studies reported a model with extracranial vasculature. One prototype study reported compliance and lubricity. Reported circulation systems included manual flushing, programmable pistons, peristaltic, and pulsatile pumps. Outcomes included thrombolysis in cerebral infarction, post-thrombectomy flow restoration, surgical performance, and qualitative feedback. CONCLUSION Variations exist in the material, design, and extent of reconstruction of vasculature of 3D-printed models. There is a need for objective characterization of 3D-printed vascular models. We propose the development of population representative 3D-printed models for skill improvement or device testing.

中文翻译：

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用于神经介入的 3 维打印模型的设计和物理特性：文献系统回顾

背景技术三维（3D）打印彻底改变了培训、教育和设备测试。了解 3D 打印模型的设计和物理特性很重要。目的 系统地审查用于神经介入的 3D 打印血管模型的设计、物理特性、准确性和实验结果。方法 我们对 2000 年 1 月 1 日至 2018 年 9 月 30 日期间的文献进行了系统回顾。公共/出版商 MEDLINE (PubMed)、Web of Science、Compendex、Cochrane 和 Inspec 数据库使用医学主题词条进行设计和物理检索用于神经干预的 3D 打印模型的属性。收集了有关设计和物理特性的信息，例如合规性、润滑性、流动系统、准确性和结果测量。结果共纳入23篇文章。九项研究描述了用于中风干预的 3D 打印模型。Tango Plus (Stratasys) 是用于开发这些模型的最常用材料。四项研究描述了具有代表性的几何模型。所有其他研究都报告了患者特定的血管几何形状。八项研究报告了 Willis 环、前循环和后循环的完全重建。四项研究报告了具有颅外血管系统的模型。一项原型研究报告了顺应性和润滑性。报告的循环系统包括手动冲洗、可编程活塞、蠕动泵和脉动泵。结果包括脑梗死溶栓、血栓切除术后血流恢复、手术效果和定性反馈。结论 材料、设计、和 3D 打印模型的血管系统重建程度。需要对 3D 打印的血管模型进行客观表征。我们建议开发具有人口代表性的 3D 打印模型，用于技能改进或设备测试。