Starch hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) using batch and feed injection methods was studied at 300 °C and 10, 30, 60 min residence times with 2% feedstock concentration. The authors found much higher solid yield in batch mode compared to feed injection mode and that the solid yield increased linearly with feedstock injection rate. The HTL oil formation pathway was established that light water-soluble oil (ethyl acetate extracted liquid phase oil) forms first, followed by heavy water-soluble oil (dichloromethane extracted liquid phase oil), and then heavy acetone-soluble oil (dichloromethane extracted acetone wash phase oil). Solid hydrochar was formed mainly through heavy acetone-soluble oil repolymerization as the reaction residence time increased. The oil compositions and HPLC analysis of the aqueous phase indicated that at an injection rate of 20 ml/min, the reaction followed the alkaline pathway while at higher injection rates of 50 and 100 ml/min, the reaction shifted to the acidic pathway.

使用分批进料和进料进料的淀粉水热液化（HTL）在300°C和10％，30％，60分钟停留时间，原料浓度为2％的条件下进行了研究。作者发现，与进料注入模式相比，分批模式下的固体产率要高得多，并且固体产率随进料速率的增加而线性增加。建立了HTL油形成途径，首先形成轻质水溶性油（乙酸乙酯萃取的液相油），然后形成重质水溶性油（二氯甲烷萃取的液相油），然后形成重质丙酮可溶油（二氯甲烷萃取的丙酮）洗相油）。随着反应停留时间的增加，主要通过重溶于丙酮的油重聚合形成固体烃。