Peatlands provide habitats for many species and a variety of ecosystem services worldwide. In this study we used an integrated biophysical-economic modeling approach with multi-objective optimization to investigate how alternative land-use and land-management (LULM) options jointly affect economic returns from marketed (timber, energy peat, restoration costs) and non-marketed public goods (water quality, GHG emissions, biodiversity) in a typical landscape dominated by peatlands in northern Finland. We considered several LULM options including no action (the current state will continue), bioenergy wood harvesting, intensive forest management, restoration, and energy peat extraction with three after use options (no after use, reforestation, rewetting). Our study revealed strong tradeoffs between biodiversity and ecosystem services in drained peatlands. Optimal LULM depended strongly on the chosen objectives, i.e. whether marketed or non-marketed goods were preferred. For example, when the objective was carbon neutral land-use, the no action option was mostly chosen, while bioenergy wood harvesting was mostly chosen when the objective was to provide economic and environmental benefits at the same time. The strong tradeoff between biodiversity and ecosystem services indicates that compromises are unavoidable in order to obtain a multi-functional landscape which provides biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and water protection in a cost-effective manner.

中文翻译：

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排水泥炭地的具有成本效益的土地利用选择——综合生物物理经济建模方法

泥炭地为全世界的许多物种和各种生态系统服务提供栖息地。在本研究中，我们使用具有多目标优化的综合生物物理经济建模方法来研究替代土地利用和土地管理 (LULM) 选项如何共同影响市场（木材、能源泥炭、恢复成本）和非在芬兰北部泥炭地占主导地位的典型景观中销售公共产品（水质、温室气体排放、生物多样性）。我们考虑了几种 LULM 选项，包括不采取行动（当前状态将继续）、生物能源木材采伐、集约化森林管理、恢复和能源泥炭提取以及三个使用后选项（不使用后、重新造林、再润湿）。我们的研究揭示了排水泥炭地中生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的强烈权衡。最佳 LULM 很大程度上取决于所选择的目标，即首选市场商品还是非市场商品。例如，当目标是碳中和土地利用时，大多选择不采取行动选项，而当目标是同时提供经济和环境效益时，大多选择生物能源木材采伐。生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的强烈权衡表明，为了获得多功能景观，以具有成本效益的方式提供生物多样性保护、减缓气候变化和水资源保护，妥协是不可避免的。例如，当目标是碳中和土地利用时，大多选择不采取行动选项，而当目标是同时提供经济和环境效益时，大多选择生物能源木材采伐。生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的强烈权衡表明，为了获得多功能景观，以具有成本效益的方式提供生物多样性保护、减缓气候变化和水资源保护，妥协是不可避免的。例如，当目标是碳中和土地利用时，大多选择不采取行动选项，而当目标是同时提供经济和环境效益时，大多选择生物能源木材采伐。生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的强烈权衡表明，为了获得多功能景观，以具有成本效益的方式提供生物多样性保护、减缓气候变化和水资源保护，妥协是不可避免的。