This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient-a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1-5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12-50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known.

中文翻译：

---

基于阿维菌素和基于二苯并噻唑的制剂及其混合物在大型蚤中的作用：多终点方法。

这项研究评估了农药制剂Kraft®36 EC（活性成分-ai阿维菌素）和Score®250 EC（ai联苯达康唑）及其混合物在不同生物水平下在大型蚤中的毒性。存活，繁殖和生化标记（胆碱酯酶（ChE），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和脂质过氧化（LPO））是评估的一些终点。还研究了总蛋白质和脂质以及能量消耗（Ec）。D. magna新生儿的生化实验暴露于Kraft（2、4和6 ng ai / L）和Score（12.5、25和50 µg ai / L）96小时，以及阿维菌素（1）暴露15天。 -5 ng ai / L）和苯乙康唑（3.12-50 µg ai / L）来评估繁殖的可能变化。生物体同时接触两种化合物都不会对抗氧化剂和解毒酶产生影响，除了LPO发生在所测苯芬康唑的最高浓度下。对于ChE和CAT，在混合处理生物中发生了酶促诱导，发生在CAT的农药浓度较低和ChE的两种最高浓度下。D. magna中的总蛋白没有显着差异，但在最高农药混合物浓度下，脂质显示出增加。在所有测试的治疗中，个体的Ec均显着增加。在慢性试验中，在敌百康唑接触和混合下，D。magna的繁殖力增加。这项研究表明，除Ec外，与单独测试相比，这些农药的混合物对D. magna的毒性更大。因此，仅根据单一化合物的信息很难预测混合物的效果，