Context Artificial light at night (ALAN) represents a significant threat to biodiversity. Given that protected areas (PAs) are in relative darkness compared to the surrounding sites, they could be considered an effective tool towards eliminating the impacts of ALAN. However, the extent to which climate change-induced shifts would drive species out of PAs and thus, alter their exposure to ALAN remains an open question. Objectives We assessed the extent and protection coverage of dark areas across the current and future distributions of 39 raptor species of European conservation interest. Methods We initially developed a set of distribution models using current and projected climatic variables. Next, we used a satellite dataset of nighttime lights composite to determine the spread of ALAN within the raptors’ ranges. Finally, we applied three indices of proportional changes in the expansion of suitable habitats and dark areas to quantify patterns in ALAN within the current and future raptors’ ranges across Europe. Results Our analyses revealed that potential future distribution shifts of raptors will lead to changes in the exposure of species to ALAN, with these patterns being rather unfavourable for most of them. Still, PAs in Europe were found to offer a relative high proportion of dark areas which overlap with the current and future raptors range. Conclusions Our findings provided some first insights into the spatial conflict between species ranges and ALAN, considering potential distribution shifts driven by climate change. The proposed methodology offers the means to identify potential dark refugia towards prioritizing conservation actions.

中文翻译：

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气候变化下猛禽分布范围的阴暗面

背景 夜间人造光 (ALAN) 对生物多样性构成重大威胁。鉴于保护区 (PA) 与周围地点相比处于相对黑暗的状态，它们可以被视为消除 ALAN 影响的有效工具。然而，气候变化引起的变化将在多大程度上将物种赶出 PA 并因此改变它们对 ALAN 的暴露仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。目标 我们评估了欧洲保护利益的 39 种猛禽物种当前和未来分布的黑暗区域的范围和保护范围。方法 我们最初使用当前和预计的气候变量开发了一组分布模型。接下来，我们使用夜间灯光合成的卫星数据集来确定 ALAN 在猛禽范围内的传播。最后，我们在合适的栖息地和黑暗区域的扩张中应用了三个比例变化指数来量化当前和未来猛禽在欧洲范围内的 ALAN 模式。结果我们的分析表明，猛禽未来潜在的分布变化将导致物种暴露于 ALAN 的变化，这些模式对大多数物种来说相当不利。尽管如此，欧洲的 PA 被发现提供相对较高比例的黑暗区域，这些区域与当前和未来的猛禽范围重叠。结论考虑到气候变化驱动的潜在分布变化，我们的研究结果为物种范围和 ALAN 之间的空间冲突提供了一些初步见解。拟议的方法提供了识别潜在的黑暗避难所的方法，以优先考虑保护行动。