Leishmania donovani (a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) poses a serious health threat to the human population which is fatal if left untreated. The life cycle of Leishmania alternates between vertebrate host and Phlebotomine fly as intermediate ones. Due to the difficulties linked to vector (sandfly) control and the lack of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies mostly on chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the prevalence of parasites becoming resistant to the first‐line drug pentavalent antimonial (Sb^V)/sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) and some other anti‐leishmanial drug is increasing in several parts of the world. With the alarming rise of drug resistance and other issues related to VL, there is an urgent need to focus on early detection and quick diagnosis of VL case. Therefore, we have reviewed most of the methods used in the diagnostic process of VL. Along with existing diagnostic methods, developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is also vital for enhancing VL identification and control programs. This review gathers the comprehensive information on diagnostics methods of VL under a single umbrella that could be the prominent tools for the development of rapid, accurate and cost‐effective diagnostic kits for VL which can be used in field conditions.

中文翻译：

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聚焦于致命疾病内脏利什曼病的诊断方法。

Leishmania donovani（内脏利什曼病的病原体）对人类的健康构成严重威胁，如果不及时治疗，将会致命。利什曼原虫的生命周期在脊椎动物寄主和Ph螨之间作为中间生命。由于与载体（沙蝇）控制有关的困难以及缺乏有效的疫苗，利什曼病的控制主要依靠化学疗法。不幸的是，寄生虫对一线药物五价锑（Sb ^V）/葡萄糖酸锑钠（SAG）和其他一些抗利什曼药在世界上的某些地区正在增加。随着耐药性和与VL相关的其他问题的惊人增长，迫切需要关注VL病例的早期发现和快速诊断。因此，我们回顾了VL诊断过程中使用的大多数方法。与现有的诊断方法一起，开发更有效，更灵敏的诊断方法和生物标记对于增强VL识别和控制程序也至关重要。这篇综述收集了有关VL诊断方法的全面信息，这可能是开发可在现场条件下使用的VL快速，准确和经济高效的诊断试剂盒的重要工具。