The antibiotic and heavy metal resistome of a chronically polluted soil (3S) obtained from an automobile workshop in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria was deciphered via functional annotation of putative ORFs (open reading frames). Functional annotation of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in 3S metagenome was conducted using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), Antibiotic Resistance Gene-annotation (ARG-ANNOT) and Antibacterial Biocide and Metal Resistance Gene Database (BacMet). Annotation revealed detection of resistance genes for 15 antibiotic classes with the preponderance of beta lactamases, mobilized colistin resistance determinant (mcr), glycopepetide and tetracycline resistance genes, the OqxBgb and OqxA RND-type multidrug efflux pumps, among others. The dominance of resistance genes for antibiotics effective against members of the Enterobacteriaceae indicate possible contamination with faecal materials. Annotation of heavy metal resistance genes revealed diverse resistance genes responsible for the uptake, transport, detoxification, efflux and regulation of copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, mercury, arsenic, iron, molybdenum and several others. Majority of the antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes detected in this study are borne on mobile genetic elements, which facilitate their spread and dissemination in the polluted soil. The presence of the heavy metal resistance genes is strongly believed to play a major role in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes. This study has established that soil is a huge repertoire of antibiotic and heavy metal resistome and due to the intricate link between human, animals and the soil environment, it may be a major contributor to the proliferation of multidrug-resistant clinical pathogens.

中文翻译：

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解开长期污染土壤的抗生素和重金属抗性。

从尼日利亚夸拉州伊洛林的一家汽车车间获得的长期污染土壤 (3S) 的抗生素和重金属抗性组通过假定 ORF（开放阅读框）的功能注释进行了破译。使用综合抗生素抗性数据库（CARD）、抗生素抗性基因注释（ARG-ANNOT）和抗菌剂和金属抗性基因数据库（BacMet）对3S宏基因组中抗生素和重金属抗性基因进行功能注释。注释显示检测到 15 种抗生素的耐药基因，其中主要是 β 内酰胺酶、动员粘菌素耐药决定簇 (mcr)、糖肽和四环素耐药基因、OqxBgb 和 OqxA RND 型多药外排泵等。对肠杆菌科成员有效的抗生素抗性基因的优势表明可能受到粪便物质的污染。重金属抗性基因的注释揭示了负责铜、锌、镉、镍、铬、钴、汞、砷、铁、钼和其他几种元素的摄取、运输、解毒、流出和调节的多种抗性基因。本研究中检测到的大多数抗生素和重金属抗性基因都带有可移动遗传元件，这有利于它们在污染土壤中的传播和传播。人们坚信，重金属抗性基因的存在在抗生素抗性基因的增殖中发挥着重要作用。这项研究证实，土壤是抗生素和重金属抗药性的巨大库，由于人类、动物和土壤环境之间错综复杂的联系，土壤可能是多重耐药临床病原体增殖的主要贡献者。