Morphological studies rarely address floral organ modifications or their integration into floral architecture and floral function. Boraginaceae show two prominent types of stamen–corolla tube modifications: faucal and basal scales. Both types, especially faucal scales, are widely used in classification. Here, the ontogeny and morphology of faucal and basal scales are studied in 29 species from eight tribes and all three subfamilies of Boraginaceae s.s. (=Boraginoideae sensu APG IV) using scanning electron microscopy. Integration into floral architecture is visualized with micro-computed tomography (µCT). Faucal and basal scales are present in 18 and 27 species, respectively. Both types of scales develop late in flower ontogeny, but with variable timing. Faucal scales are morphologically far more variable than basal scales. Faucal scales are located close to the anthers and sometimes are involved in anther cone formation. Basal scales cover either the gynoecial disc nectary or the entire ovary. The different scale morphologies identified here enclose complex internal spaces, but they show no obvious phylogenetic patterns. This probably indicates strong functional constraints and adaptive pressures. This is a first in-depth study of the morphology and development of stamen–corolla tube modifications in Boraginaceae s.s., demonstrating that in situ three-dimensional visualization of floral architecture with µCT provides unprecedented insights into the evolution and functional integration of stamen–corolla tube modifications in Boraginales.

中文翻译：

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向的雄蕊花冠筒修改和花结构在紫草科的综合理解SS（Boraginales）

形态学研究很少涉及花器官的修饰或它们整合到花结构和花功能中。紫草科显示两种主要类型的雄蕊-花冠管修饰：面鳞和基鳞。两种类型，尤其是粪标尺，广泛用于分类。在此，个体发育和喉头音的和基底秤的形态进行了研究，29种来自八个部落和紫草科的所有三个亚家族SS（= Boraginoideae意义上的APG IV）使用扫描电子显微镜。通过微计算机断层扫描（µCT）可视化集成到花卉建筑中。洋基和基鳞分别存在于18和27种中。两种类型的鳞片都在花个体发育的后期发展，但是时机可变。在形态上，Faucal标尺比基础标尺具有更大的可变性。公垢位于花药附近，有时与花药圆锥形成有关。基底鳞片覆盖妇科盘状腺或整个卵巢。这里确定的不同尺度的形态包围着复杂的内部空间，但是它们没有显示出明显的系统发育模式。这可能表明强大的功能约束和适应压力。这是首次对紫草科的雄蕊-花冠管修饰的形态和发育进行深入研究ss。，表明用µCT对花卉结构进行的原位三维可视化提供了对Boraginales雄蕊-花冠管修饰的进化和功能整合的空前洞察。