Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have high mortality and morbidity in the US and presently rank as one of the leading causes of death. Atherosclerosis (AS) acts as one of the CVDs, playing an important role in mortality because of many lethal complications. The common cause of AS is that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood circulation enters the intima through endothelial cells that have been broken for various reasons. Under the action of inflammatory factors secreted by damaged endothelial cells, monocytes also enter the inner membrane and differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages engulf the oxidized LDL and become foam cells which eventually become apoptotic. However, recent studies have shown that LDL entry into the intima, an important step in AS, may be associated with endothelial cells actively inhaling LDL through the receptor. Nanotechnology is a promising technology that can be applied in the noninvasive imaging and therapy of AS. Nanoparticles (NPs) have the ability to passively target AS because of their inherent small diameter. They can also be loaded with chemicals for targeting lesions, contrast agents for imaging, and drugs for treatment to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of AS. This review consequently highlights the recent progress in the detection and treatment of AS by NPs.

中文翻译：

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纳米粒子检测和治疗动脉粥样硬化的新进展

摘要 心血管疾病（CVDs）在美国具有很高的死亡率和发病率，目前已成为导致死亡的主要原因之一。动脉粥样硬化 (AS) 作为 CVD 之一，由于许多致命并发症，在死亡率中起着重要作用。AS的常见原因是血液循环中的低密度脂蛋白（LDL）通过因各种原因破裂的内皮细胞进入内膜。在受损内皮细胞分泌的炎症因子的作用下，单核细胞也进入内膜并分化为巨噬细胞。巨噬细胞吞噬氧化的低密度脂蛋白并变成泡沫细胞，最终变成细胞凋亡。然而，最近的研究表明，低密度脂蛋白进入内膜，这是 AS 的一个重要步骤，可能与内皮细胞通过受体主动吸入低密度脂蛋白有关。纳米技术是一种很有前景的技术，可应用于 AS 的无创成像和治疗。纳米粒子 (NPs) 由于其固有的小直径而具有被动靶向 AS 的能力。它们还可以装载靶向病灶的化学物质、成像的造影剂和治疗的药物，以实现对 AS 的准确诊断和治疗。因此，本综述突出了 NP 检测和治疗 AS 的最新进展。造影剂和治疗药物，实现AS的准确诊断和治疗。因此，本综述突出了 NP 检测和治疗 AS 的最新进展。造影剂和治疗药物，实现AS的准确诊断和治疗。因此，本综述突出了 NP 检测和治疗 AS 的最新进展。