Abstract Three hypotheses have been suggested to explain factors underlying Internet gaming disorder symptoms (IGDs): the comorbidity hypothesis highlights the presence of further psychopathologies; the dilution effect hypothesis is associated with a low level of self-regulation; and the interpersonal impairment hypothesis focuses on the associations of social deficits. Anxiety and depression (comorbidity), impulsivity and hostility (self-regulation), social skills and family functioning (interpersonal impairment), and time spent gaming, both during the week and on the weekend, were assessed. Participants were 946 young people (51.5% males) aged from 11 to 18. Preliminary correlations indicated that higher scores in anxiety, impulsiveness, hostility, and social skills deficit and lower scores in family functioning and more time spent gaming were associated with IGDs. The proposed theoretical model had a good fit to the data, revealing that anxiety and time spent gaming on the weekend had a direct association with IGDs. Social skills and family functioning showed an indirect relationship with IGDs, whereas impulsivity only showed a direct association with time spent gaming during the week. However, a different set of variables was associated with IGDs depending on the gender. In girls, the significant variables associated with IGDs were time spent playing video games during the week and on the weekend, higher anxiety, and lower family functioning. In boys, direct associations between higher anxiety and hostility, social skill deficits, and time spent gaming on the weekend were found. Results support the three hypotheses, but their applicability varied according to gender. The comorbidity hypothesis was slightly superior for girls, whereas the dilution effect hypothesis was superior for boys. The factors involved in IGDs should be taken into account when designing interventions to prevent symptoms and their consequences.

中文翻译：

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西班牙青少年网络游戏障碍症状的危险因素

摘要 提出了三种假设来解释网络游戏障碍症状 (IGD) 的潜在因素：合并症假设强调存在进一步的精神病理学；稀释效应假说与低水平的自我调节有关；人际障碍假说侧重于社会缺陷的关联。对一周和周末的焦虑和抑郁（合并症）、冲动和敌意（自我调节）、社交技能和家庭功能（人际交往障碍）以及游戏时间进行了评估。参与者是 946 名 11 至 18 岁的年轻人（51.5% 为男性）。初步相关性表明，在焦虑、冲动、敌意、社交技能缺陷、家庭功能得分较低以及游戏时间增加与 IGD 相关。所提出的理论模型与数据非常吻合，表明周末玩游戏的焦虑和时间与 IGD 直接相关。社交技能和家庭功能与 IGD 有间接关系，而冲动性仅与一周内玩游戏的时间直接相关。然而，根据性别，一组不同的变量与 IGD 相关。在女孩中，与 IGD 相关的重要变量是一周和周末玩电子游戏的时间、更高的焦虑和更低的家庭功能。在男孩中，发现更高的焦虑和敌意、社交技能缺陷和周末玩游戏之间存在直接关联。结果支持这三个假设，但它们的适用性因性别而异。合并症假设对女孩略好，而稀释效应假设对男孩更好。在设计干预措施以预防症状及其后果时，应考虑 IGD 中涉及的因素。