The annual balance of biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs; carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)) in the atmosphere is well studied. However, the contributions of specific natural land sources and sinks remain unclear, and the effect of different human land use activities is understudied. A simple way to do this is to evaluate GHG soil emissions. For CO₂, it usually comprises 60–75% of gross respiration in natural terrestrial ecosystems, while local human impact can increase this share to almost 100%. Permafrost-affected soils occupying 15% of the land surface mostly in the Eurasia and North America contain approximately 25% of the total terrestrial carbon. The biogenic GHG soil emissions from permafrost are 5% of the global total, which makes these soils extremely important in the warming world. Measurements of CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide, from eighteen locations in the Arctic and Siberian permafrost, across tundra, steppe, and north taiga domains of Russia and Svalbard, were conducted from August to September during 2014–2017 in 37 biotopes representing natural conditions and different types of human impact. We demonstrate that land use caused significant alteration in soil emission and net fluxes of GHGs compared to natural rates, regardless of the type and duration of human impact and the ecosystem type. The cumulative effect of land use factors very likely supported an additional net-source of CO₂ into the atmosphere because of residual microbial respiration in soil after the destruction of vegetation and primary production under anthropogenic influence. Local drainage effects were more significant for methane emission. In general, land use factors enforced soil emission and net-sources of CO₂ and N₂O and weakened methane sources. Despite the extended heat supply, high aridity caused significantly lower emissions of methane and nitrous oxide in ultra-continental Siberian permafrost soils. However, these climatic features support higher soil CO₂ emission rates, in spite of dryness, owing to the larger phytomass storage, presence of tree canopies, thicker active layer, and greater expressed soil fissuring. Furthermore, the “Birch effect” was much less expressed in ultra-continental permafrost soils than in permafrost-free European soils. Models and field observations demonstrated that the areal human footprint on soil CO₂ fluxes could be comparable to the effect of climate change within a similar timeframe. Settlements and industrial areas in the tundra function as year-round net CO₂ sources, mostly owing to the lack of vegetation cover. As a result, they could compensate for the natural C-balance on significantly larger areas of surrounding tundra.

大气中的生物温室气体（GHG，二氧化碳（CO ₂），甲烷（CH ₄）和一氧化二氮（N ₂ O））的年度平衡得到了很好的研究。但是，具体的自然土地源和汇的贡献尚不清楚，并且人们对不同的人类土地利用活动的影响进行了研究。一种简单的方法是评估温室气体的土壤排放量。对于CO ₂，它通常占自然陆地生态系统总呼吸的60％至75％，而当地人类的影响可使这一比例增加到几乎100％。受永久冻土影响的土壤占陆地表面的15％，大部分位于欧亚大陆和北美，约占陆地碳总量的25％。永冻土的生物温室气体排放量占全球总量的5％，这使得这些土壤在变暖的世界中极为重要。CO _2的测量2014-2017年8月至9月，在北极和西伯利亚多年冻土地区的18个地点，俄罗斯和斯瓦尔巴特群岛的苔原，草原和北针叶林地区进行了甲烷，一氧化氮和一氧化二氮的研究，这些地区代表自然条件和不同类型的37个生物群落对人类的影响。我们证明，无论人类影响的类型和持续时间以及生态系统的类型如何，与自然速率相比，土地利用都会导致土壤排放和温室气体净流量的显着变化。土地利用因素的累积影响很可能支持了额外的CO ₂净来源由于人为破坏后植被破坏和初级生产后土壤中残留的微生物呼吸作用而进入大气。对于甲烷排放，局部排水作用更为显着。通常，土地利用因素会增加土壤排放和CO ₂和N ₂ O的净源，并削弱甲烷源。尽管供热得到扩展，但高干旱导致西伯利亚超大陆多年冻土中甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放大大降低。但是，这些气候特征支持较高的土壤CO ₂尽管干燥，但由于植物的贮藏量较大，树冠的存在，较厚的活性层和较大的土壤裂隙，因此排放速率较高。此外，“伯奇效应”在超大陆多年冻土中的表达要比在无多年冻土的欧洲土壤中少得多。模型和现场观察表明，人类在土壤CO ₂通量上的足迹可以在相似的时间内与气候变化的影响相媲美。苔原的定居点和工业区是全年的CO ₂净源，主要是由于缺乏植被覆盖。结果，它们可以补偿苔原周围较大区域的自然C平衡。