Solar cells based on metal halide perovskites have emerged as a promising low‐cost photovoltaic technology. In contrast to inert atmospheres where most of the lab‐scale devices are made to date, large‐area low‐cost production of perovskite solar cells often involves processing of perovskites in various atmospheres including ambient air, nitrogen, and/or vacuum. Herein, the impact of atmosphere on the energy levels of methylammonium lead halide perovskite films is systematically investigated. The atmosphere is varied to simulate the typical fabrication process. Through a comprehensive analysis combining the Fermi level evolution, surface photovoltage, photoluminescence properties, photovoltaic performance, and device simulation, an overall landscape of the energy diagram of the perovskite layer is able to be determined. The findings have direct implications for real‐world devices under typical atmospheres, and provide insights into the fabrication‐process design and optimization. Furthermore, a universal Fermi level shift under vacuum for lead halide‐based perovskites revealed in this study, urges a refreshed view on the energetics studies conducted without considering the atmospheric effect.

中文翻译：

---

气氛对钙钛矿卤化物能量的影响

基于金属卤化物钙钛矿的太阳能电池已经成为一种有前途的低成本光伏技术。迄今为止，大多数实验室规模的设备都是在惰性气氛中制造的，而钙钛矿太阳能电池的大面积低成本生产通常涉及在各种气氛（包括环境空气，氮气和/或真空）中对钙钛矿的加工。在本文中，系统地研究了大气对甲基铵卤化铅钙钛矿薄膜能级的影响。改变气氛以模拟典型的制造过程。通过综合费米能级演化，表面光电压，光致发光特性，光伏性能和器件仿真的综合分析，可以确定钙钛矿层能量图的整体情况。这些发现对典型环境下的实际设备具有直接影响，并为制造工艺设计和优化提供了见识。此外，这项研究揭示了在真空下对卤化铅基钙钛矿普遍存在的费米能级变化，这促使人们对不考虑大气效应而进行的高能学研究有了新的看法。