Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are consisted of several sensor nodes scattered in an area to gather data from their ambient environment and send it to base station (BS). The energy of nodes in WSNs is limited. One of the most significant issues in WSNs is reducing the energy consumption of nodes, which leads to increased network lifetime. One method to reduce energy consumption in WSNs is energy-efficient routing. In energy-efficient routing, gathered data is sent to the sink in a way to save the energy of nodes. This paper proposed a cluster-based two-level routing method. In the proposed method, we seek to improve packet delivery rate and reduce energy consumption through clustering, selecting backup cluster head (BCH), layering cluster heads (CH), and dividing each cluster into four sections. The method is consisted of two phases. In the first phase, CHs and BCHs are selected, and nodes are clustered based on their residual energy, distance to BS, and centrality. To perform intra-cluster routing, each cluster is divided into four sections so that nodes directly deliver their data to CH or through the most proper node in their sections. To perform inter-cluster routing, CHs are layered based on their distance to BS. Since CHs are layered, the source CH selects the next hop from CHs in the upper layer based on their residual energy and distance to BS. The proposed method has been simulated by NS-2 software and compared with CFPT (Yarinezhad and Hashemi in J Syst Softw 155:145–161, 2019), FBCFP (Thangaramya et al. in Comput Netw 151:211–223, 2019) and DFCR (Azharuddin et al. in Comput Electr Eng, 41:177–190, 2015) methods. The results reveal that the proposed method leads to reduced end-to-end delay, number of total hops, energy consumption as well as increased packet delivery rate and network lifetime.

中文翻译：

---

一种无线传感器网络中的能量感知聚类和两级路由方法

无线传感器网络 (WSN) 由分散在一个区域中的多个传感器节点组成，用于从其周围环境收集数据并将其发送到基站 (BS)。WSN 中节点的能量是有限的。WSN 中最重要的问题之一是降低节点的能耗，从而延长网络寿命。降低 WSN 能耗的一种方法是节能路由。在节能路由中，收集的数据以节省节点能量的方式发送到接收器。本文提出了一种基于簇的两级路由方法。在所提出的方法中，我们通过聚类、选择备份簇头（BCH）、分层簇头（CH）以及将每个簇划分为四个部分来寻求提高数据包传递率并降低能耗。该方法由两个阶段组成。在第一阶段，选择 CH 和 BCH，并根据节点的剩余能量、到 BS 的距离和中心性对节点进行聚类。为了执行集群内路由，每个集群被分为四个部分，以便节点直接将其数据传送到 CH 或通过其部分中最合适的节点。为了执行集群间路由，CH 根据它们到 BS 的距离进行分层。由于 CH 是分层的，因此源 CH 根据其剩余能量和到 BS 的距离从上层的 CH 中选择下一跳。所提出的方法已通过 NS-2 软件进行模拟，并与 CFPT（J Syst Softw 155:145–161, 2019 中的 Yarinezhad 和 Hashemi）、FBCFP（Thangaramya 等人 in Comput Netw 151:211–223, 2019）和DFCR (Azharuddin et al. in Comput Electr Eng, 41:177–190, 2015) 方法。