Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) was modified with thermal grafting of Oryza sativa (rice) bran ash (OBA) and Triticum aestivum (wheat) bran ash (TBA). These novel catalysts were employed in transesterification reaction for upgrading triglycerides (TAG) of lipids into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) with alcohol for biodiesel production at room temperature. The catalysts were systematically characterized with analytical techniques such as XRF, XRD, SEM, EDAS, TEM, TGA, XPS, BET and CO₂-TPD. These basic green heterogeneous catalytic procedures exclude aqueous quenching, neutralization and saponification steps, tedious catalyst separation, and prevent corrosion in the reactor and engine. Introduction of otherwise decent transesterification catalysts OBA and TBA into graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets significantly enhances activity and reusability in the transesterification process. This increased activity of the nanostructured heterojunctions is attributed to the enhanced basicity, mesoporosity and surface area upon incorporation of OBA/TBA over graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets as confirmed by CO₂-TPD and BET analysis. The obtained biodiesel samples were further characterized by ¹H NMR and GC MS analysis. The biodiesel samples were tested for important physico-chemical properties to ensure their practical use.

中文翻译：

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改性介孔石墨碳氮化物：一种新型高效的酯交换反应多相基础催化剂

介孔石墨碳氮化物（gC ₃ N ₄）是通过热嫁接稻（米）糠灰（OBA）和小麦（小麦）糠灰（TBA）进行接枝改性的。这些新型催化剂用于酯交换反应，用于在室温下用醇将脂质的甘油三酸酯（TAG）升级为脂肪酸甲酯（FAME），以生产生物柴油。用XRF，XRD，SEM，EDAS，TEM，TGA，XPS，BET和CO ₂等分析技术对催化剂进行了系统表征。-TPD。这些基本的绿色非均相催化程序不包括水淬，中和和皂化步骤，繁琐的催化剂分离，并防止反应堆和发动机腐蚀。将原本不错的酯交换催化剂OBA和TBA引入石墨化碳氮化物纳米片中，可显着提高酯交换过程中的活性和可重复使用性。纳米结构异质结的这种增加的活性归因于在CO ₂ -TPD和BET分析中证实，在石墨氮化碳纳米片材上引入OBA / TBA后，碱度，介孔性和表面积增加。获得的生物柴油样品的特征还在于¹1 H NMR和GC MS分析。对生物柴油样品进行了重要的理化性质测试，以确保其实际使用。