Sleep-related attentional bias and instinctual craving-sleep status may be associated with value-driven selective attention network and SEEKING system. We hypothesized that the two networks might be important components and underlie etiology of inability to initiate or/and maintain sleep in patients with chronic insomnia (PIs). Our aim is to investigate whether frequency-frequency couplings(temporal and spatial coupling, and differences of a set of imaging parameters) could elevate the sensibility to characterize the two insomnia-related networks in studying their relationships with sleep parameters and post-insomnia emotions. Forty-eight PIs and 48 status-matched good sleepers were requested to complete sleep and emotion-related questionnaires. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to calculate the discriminatory power of a set of parameters. Granger causality and mediating causality analysis were used to address the causal relationships between the two networks and sleep/emotion-related parameters. Frequency-frequency couplings could characterize the two networks with high discriminatory power (AUC, 0.951; sensitivity, 87.5%; specificity, 95.8%), which suggested that the frequency-frequency couplings could be served as a useful biomarker to address the insomnia-related brain networks. Functional deficits of the SEEKING system played decreased mediator acting in post-insomnia negative emotions (decreased frequency-frequency coupling). Functional hyperarousal of the value-driven attention network played decreased mediator acting in sleep regulation (increased frequency-frequency coupling). Granger causality analysis showed decreased causal effect connectivity between and within the two networks. The between-network causal effect connectivity segregation played decreased mediator acting in sleep regulation (decreased connectivity). These findings suggest that the functional deficits and segregation of the two systems may underlie etiology of PIs.

中文翻译：

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在慢性失眠中，分离的寻求和选择性注意系统的调节降低。

睡眠相关的注意偏见和本能的渴望睡眠状态可能与价值驱动的选择性注意网络和寻求系统有关。我们假设这两个网络可能是重要组成部分，并且是慢性失眠（PIs）患者无法启动或保持睡眠的病因学基础。我们的目的是研究频率-频率耦合（时间和空间耦合以及一组成像参数的差异）是否可以提高表征两个失眠相关网络的敏感性，以研究它们与睡眠参数和失眠后情绪的关系。要求四十八个PI和48个状态匹配的良好睡眠者来完成睡眠和情绪相关的问卷调查。接收机工作特性曲线用于计算一组参数的鉴别能力。Granger因果关系和中介因果关系分析用于解决两个网络与睡眠/情绪相关参数之间的因果关系。频率-频率耦合可以表征具有高区分能力的两个网络（AUC，0.951；灵敏度，87.5％；特异性，95.8％），这表明频率-频率耦合可以作为解决失眠相关的有用生物标志物脑网络。SEEKING系统的功能缺陷在失眠后的负​​面情绪中发挥了减少介体的作用（降低了频率-频率耦合）。价值驱动的注意网络的功能亢奋起到了减少调节睡眠调节作用的作用（增加了频率-频率耦合）。Granger因果关系分析表明，两个网络之间以及内部的因果关系的连通性降低。网络间因果关系连通性隔离在睡眠调节中发挥了减少中介作用（连通性降低）。这些发现表明，这两个系统的功能缺陷和隔离可能是PI病因的基础。