In recent years, tools for functional genomic studies have become increasingly feasible for use by evolutionary anthropologists. In this review, we provide brief overviews of several exciting in vitro techniques that can be paired with “‐omics” approaches (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) for potentially powerful evolutionary insights. These in vitro techniques include ancestral protein resurrection, cell line experiments using primary, immortalized, and induced pluripotent stem cells, and CRISPR‐Cas9 genetic manipulation. We also discuss how several of these methods can be used in vivo, for transgenic organism studies of human and nonhuman primate evolution. Throughout this review, we highlight example studies in which these approaches have already been used to inform our understanding of the evolutionary biology of modern and archaic humans and other primates while simultaneously identifying future opportunities for anthropologists to use this toolkit to help answer additional outstanding questions in evolutionary anthropology.

中文翻译：

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利用强大的体外和体内功能基因组学工具研究人类和非人类灵长类动物进化生物学。

近年来，功能基因组研究的工具越来越可供进化人类学家使用。在这篇综述中，我们简要概述了几种令人兴奋的体外技术，这些技术可以与“组学”方法（例如基因组学、表观基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）结合使用，以获得潜在的强大进化见解。这些体外技术包括祖先蛋白复活、使用原代、永生化和诱导多能干细胞的细胞系实验，以及 CRISPR-Cas9 基因操作。我们还讨论了如何在体内使用这些方法中的几种，用于人类和非人类灵长类动物进化的转基因生物研究。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了一些示例研究，其中这些方法已经被用来帮助我们理解现代和古代人类和其他灵长类动物的进化生物学，同时确定人类学家未来使用该工具包的机会，以帮助回答其他突出的问题进化人类学。