Regulation of axonal dopamine release by local microcircuitry is at the hub of several biological processes that govern the timing and magnitude of signaling events in reward‐related brain regions. An important characteristic of dopamine release from axon terminals in the striatum is that it is rapidly modulated by local regulatory mechanisms. These processes can occur via homosynaptic mechanisms—such as presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors and dopamine transporters ‐ as well heterosynaptic mechanisms such as retrograde signaling from postsynaptic cholinergic and dynorphin systems, among others. Additionally, modulation of dopamine release via diffusible messengers, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide, allows for various metabolic factors to quickly and efficiently regulate dopamine release and subsequent signaling. Here we review how these mechanisms work in concert to influence the timing and magnitude of striatal dopamine signaling, independent of action potential activity at the level of dopaminergic cell bodies in the midbrain, thereby providing a parallel pathway by which dopamine can be modulated. Understanding the complexities of local regulation of dopamine signaling is required for building comprehensive frameworks of how activity throughout the dopamine system is integrated to drive signaling and control behavior.

中文翻译：

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通过局部纹状体微电路直接调节多巴胺末端。

局部微电路对轴突多巴胺释放的调节处于几个生物过程的中心，这些过程控制奖励相关大脑区域中信号事件的时间和幅度。从纹状体轴突末端释放多巴胺的一个重要特征是它被局部调节机制迅速调节。这些过程可以通过同突触机制发生——例如突触前多巴胺自身受体和多巴胺转运蛋白——以及异突触机制，例如来自突触后胆碱能和强啡肽系统的逆行信号等。此外，通过可扩散的信使（如一氧化氮和过氧化氢）调节多巴胺释放，允许各种代谢因素快速有效地调节多巴胺释放和随后的信号传导。在这里，我们回顾了这些机制如何协同作用以影响纹状体多巴胺信号传导的时间和幅度，独立于中脑多巴胺能细胞体水平的动作电位活动，从而提供可以调节多巴胺的平行途径。需要了解多巴胺信号局部调节的复杂性，以构建关于如何整合整个多巴胺系统的活动以驱动信号和控制行为的综合框架。