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Morphology and Phylogeny
Journal of the History of Biology ( IF 0.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-23 , DOI: 10.1007/s10739-020-09600-x
Olivier Rieppel 1
Affiliation  

The concept that renders morphology a tool for phylogeny reconstruction is homology. The concept of homology is rooted in pre-evolutionary idealistic morphology. The claim that the goal of idealistic morphology was the seriability of form may sound paradoxical given that this discipline proceeded within a framework of strictly delimited types. But the types only demarcate where seriability starts and where it comes to an end. Carl Gegenbaur’s (Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1859 ) was recognized as a milestone in idealistic morphology. A comparison with the second edition of 1870 illustrates Gegenbaur’s turn to evolutionary morphology. The methodology remained the same–seriability of form–but the series was no longer merely descriptive or conceptual but now a historical, evolutionary one. Gegenbaur emphasized that seriability of form was possible not only between species of the same type, but also between parts (organs) of organisms of the same type. Pursuing this project, he found that different parts of organisms evolve at different rates, resulting in an incongruence between the series of parts (organs) relative to the series of species under comparison. This incongrence was called chevauchement des spécialisations by Louis Dollo , Spezialisationskreuzungen by Othenio Abel, and heterobathmy of characters by Armen Takhtajan. Willi Hennig, the founder of modern methods in phylogenetic systematics, discovered that the heterobathmy of characters was a precondition for the establishment of the phylogenetic relationships based on shared derived characters. The result was a replacement of the search for ancestors by a search for relative degrees of phylogenetic relationships (sister-group relationships).

中文翻译:

形态学和系统发育

使形态学成为系统发育重建工具的概念是同源性。同源性的概念植根于进化前的唯心形态学。鉴于该学科是在严格界定的类型框架内进行的,关于理想主义形态学的目标是形式的连续性的说法可能听起来很矛盾。但是这些类型只划分了可重复性的开始和结束的地方。卡尔·格根鲍尔 (Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1859) 被认为是理想主义形态学的里程碑。与 1870 年第二版的比较说明了 Gegenbaur 转向进化形态学。方法论保持不变——形式的连续性——但这个系列不再仅仅是描述性或概念性的,而是现在一个历史的、进化的。Gegenbaur 强调,不仅在同一类型的物种之间,而且在同一类型的生物体的部分(器官)之间,形式的严重性也是可能的。在进行这个项目时,他发现生物体的不同部分以不同的速度进化,导致部分(器官)系列与所比较的物种系列之间存在不一致。这种不一致被 Louis Dollo 称为 chevauchement des spécialisations,被 Othenio Abel 称为 Spezialisationskreuzungen,而被 Armen Takhtajan 称为角色异质性。系统发育系统学现代方法的创始人 Willi Hennig 发现,性状的异质性是建立基于共享派生性状的系统发育关系的先决条件。
更新日期:2020-04-23
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