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B Cell Activation and Response Regulation During Viral Infections.
Viral Immunology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-13 , DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0207
Jonathan H Lam 1, 2 , Fauna L Smith 2, 3 , Nicole Baumgarth 1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliation  

Acute viral infections are characterized by rapid increases in viral load, leading to cellular damage and the resulting induction of complex innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses that cause local and systemic inflammation. Successful antiviral immunity requires the activation of many immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. B cells play a unique part through their production of antibodies that can both neutralize and clear viral particles before virus entry into a cell. Protective antibodies are produced even before the first exposure of a pathogen, through the regulated secretion of so-called natural antibodies that are generated even in the complete absence of prior microbial exposure. An early wave of rapidly secreted antibodies from extrafollicular (EF) responses draws on the preexisting naive or memory repertoire of B cells to induce a strong protective response that in kinetics tightly follows the clearance of acute infections, such as with influenza virus. Finally, the generation of germinal centers (GCs) provides long-term protection through production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells, which shape and broaden the B cell repertoire for more effective responses following repeat exposures. In this study, we review B cell responses to acute viral infections, primarily influenza virus, from the earliest nonspecific B-1 cell to early, antigen-specific EF responses and finally to GC responses. Throughout, we address known factors that lead to distinct B cell response outcomes and discuss how their functions effect viral clearance, highlighting the critical contributions of each response type to the induction of highly protective antiviral humoral immunity.

中文翻译:

病毒感染期间的B细胞活化和反应调节。

急性病毒感染的特征是病毒载量迅速增加,导致细胞损伤,并导致引起复杂的先天性和适应性抗病毒免疫应答,从而引起局部和全身性炎症。成功的抗病毒免疫要求激活许多免疫细胞,包括T细胞,自然杀伤细胞和巨噬细胞。B细胞通过产生抗体而发挥独特作用,该抗体可以在病毒进入细胞之前中和并清除病毒颗粒。通过所谓的天然抗体的调节分泌,甚至在完全不存在先前的微生物暴露的情况下,甚至在首次暴露病原体之前也产生保护性抗体。来自卵泡外(EF)反应的快速分泌抗体的早期浪潮利用了先前存在的B细胞幼稚或记忆库,以诱导强烈的保护性反应,该反应在动力学上紧随急性感染(如流感病毒)的清除。最后,生发中心(GCs)的产生通过产生长寿的浆细胞和记忆B细胞来提供长期保护,这些细胞会塑造并扩大B细胞库,从而在重复暴露后产生更有效的反应。在这项研究中,我们回顾了B细胞对急性病毒感染(主要是流感病毒)的反应,从最早的非特异性B-1细胞到早期的抗原特异性EF反应,最后是对GC反应的反应。始终,
更新日期:2020-05-13
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