Abstract Foreign materials like insecticides may increase grooming in insects; and generally, grooming may be expected to reduce effects of insecticides, but this may not be the case when grooming involves the mouth and hence a risk of ingestion.To examine this, female Spalangiaendius, a wasp that parasitizes filth fly pupae, were exposed to a surface coated with a low concentration of imidacloprid or not.Their mouthparts were sealed or not to determine whether sealing is a useful method for examining effects of mouth grooming. Wasps mouth-groomed more frequently while exposed to imidacloprid than when not. However, imidacloprid did not increase the number of times that a wasp groomed the rest of her body, and this was true regardless of whether or not her mouthparts were sealed. While exposed to imidacloprid, wasps spent less time locomoting only if their mouthparts were not sealed. Having been exposed to imidacloprid also decreased subsequent longevity, from 9 to 7 d. These effects of imidacloprid on grooming, locomotion, and longevity occurred despite exposure being for just 5 min and to only 2% of the amount that will be present in an area immediately after house fly baits are scattered at their recommended coverage.This is such a low amount that, with 48 h of constant exposure, mortality of these wasps is only 10%. Having mouthparts sealed decreased locomotion and longevity regardless of exposure to imidacloprid.Thus, sealing mouthparts is not useful for measuring effects of mouth grooming.

中文翻译：

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杀虫剂吡虫啉的田间相关浓度影响生物防治剂 Spalangia endius（膜翅目：Pteromalidae）的梳理、运动和寿命

摘要 杀虫剂等外来物质可能会增加昆虫的梳理性；一般来说，梳理毛发可能会减少杀虫剂的作用，但当梳理涉及口腔并因此存在摄入风险时，情况可能并非如此。为了检查这一点，雌性 Spalangiaendius，一种寄生于污蝇蛹的黄蜂，被暴露于表面涂有低浓度吡虫啉。他们的口器是否密封，以确定密封是否是检查口腔美容效果的有用方法。黄蜂在接触吡虫啉时比不接触时更频繁地进行口腔梳理。然而，吡虫啉并没有增加黄蜂梳理她身体其他部位的次数，无论她的口器是否被密封，都是如此。当暴露于吡虫啉时，只有当它们的口器没有密封时，黄蜂才会花费更少的时间移动。暴露于吡虫啉也降低了随后的寿命，从 9 天减少到 7 天。尽管暴露仅 5 分钟，但仅暴露于家蝇诱饵以推荐覆盖范围后立即出现在该区域的 2%，吡虫啉对梳理、运动和寿命的这些影响发生了。数量少，持续暴露 48 小时，这些黄蜂的死亡率仅为 10%。无论是否接触吡虫啉，密封口器都会降低运动和寿命。因此，密封口器对于测量口腔美容效果没有用处。尽管暴露仅 5 分钟，但仅暴露于家蝇诱饵以推荐覆盖范围后立即出现在该区域的 2%，吡虫啉对梳理、运动和寿命的这些影响发生了。数量少，持续暴露 48 小时，这些黄蜂的死亡率仅为 10%。无论是否接触吡虫啉，密封口器都会降低运动能力和寿命。因此，密封口器对于测量口腔美容效果没有用处。尽管暴露仅 5 分钟，但仅暴露于家蝇诱饵以推荐覆盖范围后立即出现在该区域的 2%，吡虫啉对梳理、运动和寿命的这些影响发生了。数量少，持续暴露 48 小时，这些黄蜂的死亡率仅为 10%。无论是否接触吡虫啉，密封口器都会降低运动能力和寿命。因此，密封口器对于测量口腔美容效果没有用处。