Computer Aided Sperm Analysis is currently well established in domestic animals. Apart from sperm concentration and sperm motility assessment (percentage groupings, kinematics groupings) sperm morphology, sperm viability, sperm fragmentation and the acrosome reaction are automated as part of modern CASA systems. This review cum new original research paper focuses on providing baseline data on sperm concentration and motility in common domestic species of animals of proven fertility including bull, boar, horse, ram, goat, dog, donkey, chicken. There is a great need to establish quantitative baseline values for sperm quality, breed differences and to develop and apply relevant sperm functional tests that relates to fertilization outcome. These approaches need to be standardized. Two new approaches are presented in this work that are complimentary to CASA and provide a whole range of new visualizations and parameters that may assist to define sperm function and quality better. The first new approach shows how Two-D analysis using X and Y coordinates of CASA can be converted to Three-dimensional (3D) tracks. This method shows how sperm movement can be visualized in 3D despite several shortcomings. The second approach of flagellar analysis through the use of the FAST programme (Flagellar and Sperm Tracking) of the University of Birmingham group represents a new development and provides several new quantitative measures such as flagellar speed and energy output (in Watts) expended by each sperm. Together with CASA and other sperm functional parameters, FAST may provide new and novel insights in sperm biology and assist in fertility assessment.

中文翻译：

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家畜的计算机辅助精子分析 (CASA)：现状、三 D 跟踪和鞭毛分析。

计算机辅助精子分析目前已在驯养动物中得到广泛应用。除了精子浓度和精子活力评估（百分比分组、运动学分组）之外，精子形态、精子活力、精子碎片和顶体反应作为现代 CASA 系统的一部分是自动化的。这篇综述暨新的原创研究论文的重点是提供有关已证明生育能力的常见家养动物（包括公牛、公猪、马、公羊、山羊、狗、驴、鸡）的精子浓度和活力的基线数据。非常需要建立精子质量、品种差异的定量基线值，并开发和应用与受精结果相关的相关精子功能测试。这些方法需要标准化。这项工作中提出了两种新方法，它们是 CASA 的补充，并提供了一系列新的可视化和参数，可能有助于更好地定义精子功能和质量。第一种新方法展示了如何将使用 CASA 的 X 和 Y 坐标的二维分析转换为三维 (3D) 轨迹。尽管存在一些缺点，但该方法显示了如何在 3D 中可视化精子运动。通过使用伯明翰大学小组的 FAST 程序（鞭毛和精子跟踪）进行鞭毛分析的第二种方法代表了一种新的发展，并提供了几种新的定量测量，例如鞭毛速度和每个精子消耗的能量输出（以瓦特为单位） . 连同 CASA 和其他精子功能参数，