INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever continues to have a substantial impact on human health, especially in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Access to safe water, and adequate sanitation and hygiene remain the cornerstone of prevention, but these are not widely available in many impoverished settings. The emergence of antibiotic resistance affects typhoid treatment and adds urgency to typhoid control efforts. Vaccines provide opportunities to prevent and control typhoid fever in endemic settings. AREAS COVERED Literature search was performed looking for evidence concerning the global burden of typhoid and strategies for the prevention and treatment of typhoid fever. Cost of illness, available typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines and cost-effectiveness were also reviewed. The objective was to provide a critical overview of typhoid fever, in order to assess the current understanding and potential future directions for typhoid treatment and control. EXPERT COMMENTARY Our understanding of typhoid burden and methods of prevention has grown over recent years. However, typhoid fever still has a significant impact on health in low and middle-income countries. Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines to the immunization schedule is expected to make a major contribution to control of typhoid fever in endemic countries, although vaccination alone is unlikely to eliminate the disease.

中文翻译：

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对伤寒的总体了解方面的进展：对疫苗开发的影响。

引言伤寒继续对人类健康产生重大影响，特别是在亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲地区。获得安全水以及适当的卫生与卫生仍然是预防的基石，但是在许多贫困地区并没有广泛使用这些方法。抗生素耐药性的出现影响伤寒的治疗，并增加了伤寒防治工作的紧迫性。疫苗为预防和控制地方病中的伤寒提供了机会。覆盖区域进行了文献搜索，以寻找有关全球伤寒负担和预防和治疗伤寒策略的证据。还审查了疾病成本，可用的伤寒和副伤寒疫苗以及成本效益。目的是提供关于伤寒的重要综述，为了评估伤寒治疗和控制的当前理解和潜在的未来方向。专家评论近年来，我们对伤寒负担和预防方法的理解不断增强。但是，伤寒仍然对中低收入国家的健康产生重大影响。将伤寒共轭疫苗引入免疫计划有望在流行国家控制伤寒方面做出重大贡献，尽管仅进行疫苗接种不可能消除该病。