Cognitive control refers to the use of internal goals to guide how we process stimuli, and control can be applied proactively (in anticipation of a stimulus) or reactively (once that stimulus has been presented). The application of control can be guided by memory; for instance, people typically learn to adjust their level of attentional selectivity to changing task statistics, such as different frequencies of hard and easy trials in the Stroop task. This type of control-learning is highly adaptive, but its boundary conditions are currently not well understood. In the present study, we assessed how the presence of performance feedback shapes control-learning in the context of item-specific (reactive control, Experiments 1a and 1b) and list-wide (proactive control, Experiments 2a and 2b) proportion of congruency manipulations in a Stroop protocol. We found that performance feedback did not alter the modulation of the Stroop effect by item-specific cueing, but did enhance the modulation of the Stroop effect by a list-wide context. Performance feedback thus selectively promoted proactive, but not reactive, adaptation of cognitive control. These results have important implications for experimental designs, potential psychiatric treatment, and theoretical accounts of the mechanisms underlying control-learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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绩效反馈促进冲突控制的主动而不是被动的适应。

认知控制是指使用内部目标来指导我们如何处理刺激，并且控制可以主动地（预期刺激）或被动地（一旦提出刺激）应用。控制的应用可以由内存来指导；例如，人们通常会学习调整注意力选择性水平以适应不断变化的任务统计信息，例如Stroop任务中不同频率的艰难尝试。这种类型的控制学习具有高度的适应性，但是其边界条件目前尚不十分清楚。在本研究中，我们评估了性能反馈的存在如何在项目操作特定性（反应性对照，实验1a和1b）和整个范围（主动性对照，实验2a和2b）的上下文中影响控制学习在Stroop协议中。我们发现，性能反馈不会通过特定于项目的提示来改变Stroop效果的调制，而是通过整个列表范围的上下文来增强Stroop效果的调制。因此，绩效反馈有选择地促进了认知控制的主动而不是被动的适应。这些结果对实验设计，潜在的精神病学治疗以及控制学习基础的理论解释具有重要意义。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。这些结果对实验设计，潜在的精神病学治疗以及控制学习基础的理论解释具有重要意义。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。这些结果对实验设计，潜在的精神病学治疗以及控制学习基础的理论解释具有重要意义。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。