While among the most common Holarctic land snails, species of the Euconulus fulvus group have been subject to considerable recent taxonomic controversy. Based on 76 Euconulus populations collected across Eurasia and North America, we empirically evaluated these competing taxonomic hypotheses through an integration of nDNA and mtDNA phylogenetics, shell morphometrics and various qualitative traits. Our results support the existence of five taxa: Euconulus alderi (Atlantic Europe to western North America), E. fresti sp. nov. (North America), E. fulvus fulvus (Europe), E. fulvus egenus (central Asia to Atlantic North America), and E. polygyratus (north-eastern North America). Each species-level entity possessed a unique suite of observable shell features allowing for accurate identification without need of DNA sequence information. Our data did not support the recent erection of E. callopisticus, E. praticola, and E. trochiformis to species-level status. This work also helps illustrate the importance of using consensus across DNA and shell/soft body features in assessing species-level taxonomy and in determining those features which allow for accurate identification. It furthermore documents the importance of basing taxonomic work on samples drawn from across the entire geographic and ecological range of the study group. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:97985479-EDF8-4B94-A825-AC42BF31F597

中文翻译：

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Holarctic Euconulus fulvus 群陆蜗牛的综合分类学考虑（腹足纲、柱状纲）

在最常见的 Holarctic 陆生蜗牛中，Euconulus fulvus 组的物种最近受到了相当大的分类争议。基于在欧亚大陆和北美收集的 76 个 Euconulus 种群，我们通过整合 nDNA 和 mtDNA 系统发育学、壳形态计量学和各种定性特征，凭经验评估了这些相互竞争的分类学假设。我们的结果支持五种分类群的存在：Euconulus alderi（大西洋欧洲到北美西部），E. fresti sp。十一月 （北美）、E. fulvus fulvus（欧洲）、E. fulvus egenus（中亚至北美大西洋）和 E. polygyratus（北美东北部）。每个物种级别的实体都拥有一套独特的可观察外壳特征，无需 DNA 序列信息即可准确识别。我们的数据不支持 E. callopisticus、E. praticola 和 E. trochiformis 最近的物种水平状态。这项工作还有助于说明在评估物种级分类和确定允许准确识别的特征时，使用跨 DNA 和壳/软体特征的共识的重要性。它还进一步证明了基于从研究组的整个地理和生态范围内抽取的样本进行分类工作的重要性。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:97985479-EDF8-4B94-A825-AC42BF31F597 这项工作还有助于说明在评估物种级分类和确定允许准确识别的特征时，使用跨 DNA 和壳/软体特征的共识的重要性。它还进一步证明了基于从研究组的整个地理和生态范围内抽取的样本进行分类工作的重要性。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:97985479-EDF8-4B94-A825-AC42BF31F597 这项工作还有助于说明在评估物种级分类和确定允许准确识别的特征时，使用跨 DNA 和壳/软体特征的共识的重要性。它还进一步证明了基于从研究组的整个地理和生态范围内抽取的样本进行分类工作的重要性。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:97985479-EDF8-4B94-A825-AC42BF31F597