At low levels, the effects of lead on specific neurocognitive processes, such as executive functioning, is not well understood. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the empirical literature examining the relationship between prenatal and postnatal low blood lead levels and executive function across childhood development. This review considers the unity and diversity model of executive functioning by assessing the domains of working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, attention, and unitary executive function separately. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized in the review. The results suggest an inverse association between postnatal lead exposure and executive function processes across childhood. The inverse relationship between postnatal lead exposure and working memory and cognitive flexibility in middle childhood is most strongly represented. Additionally, a marginal inverse relationship between postnatal lead exposure and unitary executive functioning and attention in middle childhood is suggested. The evidence does not support a relationship between postnatal lead and inhibition in middle childhood. Although there is support for the inverse relationship between low level lead exposure and executive function, lack of repeated exposure and outcome measures limit firm conclusions. Furthermore, the long-term impact of lead exposure on executive function outcomes is relatively unknown given lack of studies on adolescent populations.

中文翻译：

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血铅水平≤10 微克/分升和儿童发展的执行功能：系统评价。

在低水平下，铅对特定神经认知过程（例如执行功能）的影响尚不清楚。本系统评价的目的是综合研究产前和产后低血铅水平与儿童发展过程中执行功能之间关系的实证文献。本综述通过分别评估工作记忆、认知灵活性、抑制、注意力和单一执行功能的领域来考虑执行功能的统一性和多样性模型。19 项研究符合纳入标准，并在评价中进行了综合。结果表明，出生后铅暴露与整个儿童时期的执行功能过程之间存在负相关。出生后铅暴露与工作记忆和童年中期的认知灵活性之间的反比关系最为明显。此外，出生后铅暴露与童年中期的单一执行功能和注意力之间存在边际反比关系。证据不支持产后铅与童年中期抑制之间的关系。虽然支持低水平铅暴露与执行功能之间的反比关系，但缺乏重复暴露和结果测量限制了确定的结论。此外，由于缺乏对青少年人群的研究，铅暴露对执行功能结果的长期影响相对未知。建议出生后铅暴露与童年中期的单一执行功能和注意力之间存在边际反比关系。证据不支持产后铅与童年中期抑制之间的关系。虽然支持低水平铅暴露与执行功能之间的反比关系，但缺乏重复暴露和结果测量限制了确定的结论。此外，由于缺乏对青少年人群的研究，铅暴露对执行功能结果的长期影响相对未知。建议出生后铅暴露与童年中期的单一执行功能和注意力之间存在边际反比关系。证据不支持产后铅与童年中期抑制之间的关系。虽然支持低水平铅暴露与执行功能之间的反比关系，但缺乏重复暴露和结果测量限制了确定的结论。此外，由于缺乏对青少年人群的研究，铅暴露对执行功能结果的长期影响相对未知。虽然支持低水平铅暴露与执行功能之间的反比关系，但缺乏重复暴露和结果测量限制了确定的结论。此外，由于缺乏对青少年人群的研究，铅暴露对执行功能结果的长期影响相对未知。虽然支持低水平铅暴露与执行功能之间的反比关系，但缺乏重复暴露和结果测量限制了确定的结论。此外，由于缺乏对青少年人群的研究，铅暴露对执行功能结果的长期影响相对未知。