The history and continuity of lowland woodlands in Central Europe is closely connected with human activities. We studied a small wetland situated directly in a low-elevation oak-dominated woodland to evaluate the history and impact of humans on an oak woodland in south-eastern Slovakia. We used different proxies to obtain evidence of woodland history spanning at least 8,500 years. Pollen, diatom and physical analysis, including micromorphology, were used to study infill sediments and to determine the processes causing the influx of material into the wetland basin from its surroundings. The oak-dominated woodland community occurred throughout the Holocene, but its detailed history is impossible to trace because of reverse chronology caused by mixing of deposits. The stability of the oak woodland was determined by anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing. These disturbances are indicated by pollen taxa, signals of soil erosion in the deposits, and local development of the wetland that acted as drinking and hemp retting basin. The recent decline of human pressure has led to gradual changes in the species composition of the wetland itself (shrub encroachment) and of understory of the surrounding oak woodlands.

中文翻译：

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潘诺尼亚橡树林地的历史——斯洛伐克东南部的古生态证据

中欧低地林地的历史和延续与人类活动密切相关。我们研究了一个直接位于低海拔橡树为主的林地中的小湿地，以评估人类对斯洛伐克东南部橡树林地的历史和影响。我们使用不同的代理来获取至少 8,500 年林地历史的证据。花粉、硅藻和物理分析，包括微形态学，被用来研究填充沉积物并确定导致物质从周围环境流入湿地盆地的过程。以橡树为主的林地群落发生在整个全新世，但由于沉积物混合导致的年代倒序无法追溯其详细历史。橡树林地的稳定性由放牧等人为干扰决定。这些干扰表现为花粉分类群、沉积物中土壤侵蚀的信号以及作为饮用和大麻沤沤盆的湿地的局部发展。最近人类压力的下降导致湿地本身（灌木侵占）和周围橡树林地林下的物种组成逐渐发生变化。