Recent evidence shows that climate change is leading to irreversible and existential impacts on vulnerable communities and countries across the globe. Among other effects, this has given rise to public debate and engagement around notions of climate crisis and emergency. The Loss and Damage (L&D) policy debate has emphasized these aspects over the last three decades. Yet, despite institutionalization through an article on L&D by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the Paris Agreement, the debate has remained vague, particularly with reference to its remit and relationship to adaptation policy and practice. Research has recently made important strides forward in terms of developing a science perspective on L&D. This article reviews insights derived from recent publications by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and others, and presents the implications for science and policy. Emerging evidence on hard and soft adaptation limits in certain systems, sectors and regions holds the potential to further build momentum for climate policy to live up to the Paris ambition of stringent emission reductions and to increase efforts to support the most vulnerable. L&D policy may want to consider actions to extend soft adaptation limits and spur transformational, that is, non-standard risk management and adaptation, so that limits are not breached. Financial, technical, and legal support would be appropriate for instances where hard limits are transgressed. Research is well positioned to further develop robust evidence on critical and relevant risks at scale in the most vulnerable countries and communities, as well as options to reduce barriers and limits to adaptation.

中文翻译：

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损失和损害以及适应的局限性：IPCC的最新见解及其对气候科学和政策的影响

最近的证据表明，气候变化正在对全球脆弱的社区和国家造成不可逆转的生存影响。除其他影响外，这引起了围绕气候危机和紧急状态概念的公众辩论和参与。在过去的三十年中，损失与损害（L＆D）政策辩论一直强调这些方面。然而，尽管通过《巴黎协定》中联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）关于L＆D的条款使制度化，但辩论仍然模糊不清，特别是关于其职权范围以及与适应政策和实践的关系。最近的研究在发展L＆D的科学观点方面取得了重要的进步。本文回顾了政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）和其他机构最近的出版物所得出的见解，并提出了对科学和政策的启示。关于某些系统，部门和地区的硬性和软性适应限制的新证据有可能进一步建立气候政策势头，以实现巴黎严格减排的雄心，并加大支持最脆弱人群的努力。L＆D政策可能要考虑采取措施来扩大软适应性限制并刺激转型，即非标准的风险管理和适应性，以便不违反限制。财务，技术和法律支持将适用于超出硬限制的情况。