It is unclear to what extent parental influences on the development of internalizing problems in offspring are explained by indirect genetic effects, reflected in the environment provided by the parent, in addition to the genes transmitted from parent to child. In this study, these effects were investigated using two innovative methods in a large birth cohort. Using maternal‐effects genome complex trait analysis (M‐GCTA), the effects of offspring genotype, maternal or paternal genotypes, and their covariance on offspring internalizing problems were estimated in 3,801 mother–father–child genotyped trios. Next, estimated genetic correlations within pedigree data, including 10,688 children, were used to estimate additive genetic effects, maternal and paternal genetic effects, and a shared family effect using linear mixed effects modeling. There were no significant maternal or paternal genetic effects on offspring anxiety or depressive symptoms at age 8, beyond the effects transmitted via the genetic pathway between parents and children. However, indirect maternal genetic effects explained a small, but nonsignificant, proportion of variance in childhood depressive symptoms in both the M‐GCTA (~4%) and pedigree (~8%) analyses. Our results suggest that parental effects on offspring internalizing problems are predominantly due to transmitted genetic variants, rather than the indirect effect of parental genes via the environment.

中文翻译：

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母体和父体对后代内化问题的影响：来自遗传和基于家庭的分析的结果。

目前尚不清楚父母对后代内化问题发展的影响在多大程度上可以通过间接遗传效应来解释，反映在父母提供的环境中，以及从父母传给孩子的基因。在这项研究中，在大型出生队列中使用两种创新方法研究了这些影响。使用母体效应基因组复杂性状分析 (M-GCTA)，在 3,801 名母-父-子基因分型三人组中估计了后代基因型、母本或父本基因型的影响及其对后代内化问题的协方差。接下来，包括 10,688 名儿童在内的谱系数据中估计的遗传相关性被用于估计加性遗传效应、母本和父本遗传效应以及使用线性混合效应模型的共享家庭效应。除了通过父母和孩子之间的遗传途径传播的影响之外，母亲或父亲对 8 岁时的后代焦虑或抑郁症状没有显着的遗传影响。然而，在 M-GCTA (~4%) 和谱系 (~8%) 分析中，间接母体遗传效应解释了儿童抑郁症状的一小部分但不显着的差异比例。我们的研究结果表明，父母对后代内化问题的影响主要是由于遗传变异，而不是父母基因通过环境的间接影响。但在 M-GCTA (~4%) 和谱系 (~8%) 分析中，儿童抑郁症状的方差比例不显着。我们的研究结果表明，父母对后代内化问题的影响主要是由于遗传变异，而不是父母基因通过环境的间接影响。但在 M-GCTA (~4%) 和谱系 (~8%) 分析中，儿童抑郁症状的方差比例不显着。我们的研究结果表明，父母对后代内化问题的影响主要是由于遗传变异，而不是父母基因通过环境的间接影响。