The review gives an overview of the mechanisms of internalization and distribution of nanoparticles in stem cells this is achieved via providing analysis of the methods used in exploring the migration routes of stem cells, and their reciprocity. In addition, exploring microenvironment target in the body, and tracking the fate of exogenously transplanted stem cells by using innovative and non-invasive techniques will also be discussed. Such techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multimodality tracking, optical imaging, and nuclear medicine imaging, which were designed to follow up stem cell migration. This review will explain the various distinctive strategies to enhance homing of labeled stem cells with nanoparticles into damaged hepatic and renal tissues, this purpose was obtained by inducing a specific gene into stem cells, various chemokines, and applying an external magnetic field. Also, this work illustrates how to improve nanoparticles uptake by using transfection agents or covalently binding an exogenous protein (i.e., Human immunodeficiency virus–Tat protein) or conjugating a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody or make modifications to iron coat. It contains stem cell labeling methods such as extracellular labeling and internalization approaches. Ultimately, our review indicates trails of researchers in nanoparticles utilization in stem cell therapy in both kidney and liver diseases.

该综述概述了纳米颗粒在干细胞中的内在化和分布机制，这是通过提供对探索干细胞迁移途径及其互易性的方法的分析而实现的。此外，还将探讨利用创新和非侵入性技术探索体内微环境靶标并追踪外源移植干细胞的命运。诸如核磁共振成像（MRI），多模态跟踪，光学成像和核医学成像等技术旨在跟踪干细胞迁移。这篇评论将解释各种独特的策略，以增强带有纳米颗粒的标记干细胞向受损肝和肾组织的归巢，这一目的是通过将特定基因诱导到干细胞中来实现的，各种趋化因子，并施加外部磁场。另外，这项工作说明了如何通过使用转染剂或共价结合外源蛋白（即人免疫缺陷病毒-Tat蛋白）或偶联受体特异性单克隆抗体或修饰铁衣来改善纳米颗粒的摄取。它包含干细胞标记方法，例如细胞外标记和内在化方法。最终，我们的评论表明研究人员在肾脏和肝脏疾病的干细胞治疗中利用纳米颗粒的研究进展。人类免疫缺陷病毒-Tat蛋白）或结合受体特异性单克隆抗体或修饰铁衣。它包含干细胞标记方法，例如细胞外标记和内在化方法。最终，我们的评论表明研究人员在肾脏和肝脏疾病的干细胞治疗中利用纳米颗粒的研究进展。人类免疫缺陷病毒-Tat蛋白）或结合受体特异性单克隆抗体或修饰铁衣。它包含干细胞标记方法，例如细胞外标记和内在化方法。最终，我们的评论表明研究人员在肾脏和肝脏疾病的干细胞治疗中利用纳米颗粒的研究进展。