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Opium poppy capsule growth and alkaloid production is constrained by shade during early floral development
Annals of Applied Biology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-24 , DOI: 10.1111/aab.12581
Elliana Hope 1 , Madeline R. Carins‐Murphy 2 , Corey Hudson 3 , Les Baxter 3 , Alistair Gracie 1
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Morphinan alkaloids accumulate in the capsules of Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) most likely as defence against herbivory. Thus, capsule size is an important component of alkaloid yield. Shade during early cell division‐dominated growth of reproductive structures generally reduces final fruit size more than shade during later cell expansion‐dominated growth. The current study aimed to determine whether this response is found in opium poppy and the subsequent impact on alkaloid yield, composition and seed production. First the timing of key reproductive developmental events was resolved relative to macromorphological traits. Plants were then shaded during either (a) floral initiation, (b) early floral development or (c) capsule expansion before being harvested at maturation. Shade during floral initiation dramatically reduced final capsule size, alkaloid yield and seed number, and increased the concentration of precursor compounds relative to morphine, despite plants later returning to full sun. Shade during later capsule growth enhanced capsule size and alkaloid yield but had little effect on alkaloid composition or seed number. Thus, early developmental processes, including morphine biosynthesis, appear to have a relatively greater demand for carbohydrates compared with later processes. Crop management practices and environmental factors that limit carbohydrate availability during early development are thus predicted to have significant negative impacts on alkaloid production and reproductive success.

中文翻译:

罂粟蒴果的生长和生物碱的产生在花的早期发育过程中受到阴凉处的限制

吗啡生物碱积聚在 Papaver somniferum L.(罂粟)的胶囊中,最有可能是为了抵御食草动物。因此,胶囊大小是生物碱产量的重要组成部分。早期细胞分裂主导的生殖结构生长期间的遮荫通常比后期细胞扩张主导的生长期间的遮荫更能减少最终果实的大小。目前的研究旨在确定这种反应是否存在于罂粟中,以及随后对生物碱产量、成分和种子产量的影响。首先,关键生殖发育事件的时间与宏观特征有关。然后在(a)花开始,(b)早期花发育或(c)在成熟时收获之前的荚膜扩张期间对植物进行遮荫。尽管植物后来恢复到充足的阳光下,但开花开始期间的遮荫会显着降低最终的蒴果大小、生物碱产量和种子数量,并增加前体化合物相对于吗啡的浓度。后期荚膜生长期间的遮荫增加了荚膜大小和生物碱产量,但对生物碱组成或种子数几乎没有影响。因此,早期发育过程,包括吗啡生物合成,与后期过程相比,似乎对碳水化合物的需求相对更大。因此,预测早期发育期间限制碳水化合物供应的作物管理实践和环境因素将对生物碱生产和繁殖成功产生重大负面影响。尽管植物后来恢复了充足的阳光。后期荚膜生长期间的遮荫增加了荚膜大小和生物碱产量,但对生物碱组成或种子数几乎没有影响。因此,早期发育过程,包括吗啡生物合成,与后期过程相比,似乎对碳水化合物的需求相对更大。因此,预测早期发育期间限制碳水化合物供应的作物管理实践和环境因素将对生物碱生产和繁殖成功产生重大负面影响。尽管植物后来恢复了充足的阳光。后期荚膜生长期间的遮荫增加了荚膜大小和生物碱产量,但对生物碱组成或种子数几乎没有影响。因此,早期发育过程,包括吗啡生物合成,与后期过程相比,似乎对碳水化合物的需求相对更大。因此,预测早期发育期间限制碳水化合物供应的作物管理实践和环境因素将对生物碱生产和繁殖成功产生重大负面影响。与后来的过程相比,似乎对碳水化合物的需求相对更大。因此,预测早期发育期间限制碳水化合物供应的作物管理实践和环境因素将对生物碱生产和繁殖成功产生重大负面影响。与后来的过程相比,似乎对碳水化合物的需求相对更大。因此,预测早期发育期间限制碳水化合物供应的作物管理实践和环境因素将对生物碱生产和繁殖成功产生重大负面影响。
更新日期:2020-02-24
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