The objective of this study was to assess barcoding of environmental DNA as a method for monitoring invertebrate ecosystem service providers in soil samples. We selected 26 invertebrate ecosystem service providers that occur in New Zealand kiwifruit or apple orchards and produced mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit I (cytochrome oxidase I) and/or 28S ribosomal DNA sequences for each. Specific barcode primers were designed for each invertebrate ecosystem service provider and tested, along with generic barcoding cytochrome oxidase I primers, for their ability to detect DNA from invertebrate ecosystem service providers that had been added to sterilized and unsterilized soil samples. Although the specific primers accurately detected the invertebrate ecosystem service providers in more than 96% of the samples, the generic cytochrome oxidase I primers detected only 37% of the invertebrate ecosystem service providers added to the sterilized samples and 2.5% in the unsterilized samples. In a field test, we compared metabarcoding with traditional invertebrate trapping methods to detect the invertebrate ecosystem service providers in 10 kiwifruit and 10 apple orchards. All invertebrate ecosystem service providers were collected in traps in at least one orchard, but very few were identified by metabarcoding of soil environmental DNA. Although the specific primers can be used as a tool for monitoring invertebrate ecosystem service providers in soil samples, methodological improvements are needed before metabarcoding of soil environmental DNA can be used to monitor these taxa.

中文翻译：

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检测果园中的无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者：传统方法与土壤中环境 DNA 的条形码

本研究的目的是评估环境 DNA 的条形码作为监测土壤样品中无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者的方法。我们选择了 26 个出现在新西兰猕猴桃或苹果园的无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者，并为每个提供了线粒体细胞色素 c 氧化酶基因亚基 I（细胞色素氧化酶 I）和/或 28S 核糖体 DNA 序列。为每个无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供商设计了特定的条形码引物，并与通用条形码细胞色素氧化酶 I 引物一起进行了测试，以检测它们检测来自已添加到已灭菌和未灭菌土壤样本的无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供商的 DNA 的能力。尽管特异性引物在 96% 以上的样本中准确检测到了无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者，通用细胞色素氧化酶 I 引物仅检测到 37% 的无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者添加到已消毒样品中，2.5% 在未消毒样品中。在实地测试中，我们将元条形码与传统的无脊椎动物捕获方法进行了比较，以检测 10 个猕猴桃和 10 个苹果园中的无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者。所有无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者都被收集在至少一个果园的陷阱中，但通过土壤环境 DNA 的元条形码识别的很少。尽管特定引物可用作监测土壤样品中无脊椎动物生态系统服务提供者的工具，但在使用土壤环境 DNA 的元条形码技术监测这些分类群之前，还需要改进方法。