Attraction of tephritid fruit flies to some food sources can be enhanced by the presence of ammonia derivatives, compounds that are perceived as volatile cues for protein‐rich food sources. Using a comparative approach, we (1) evaluated the behavioral responses of females of three invasive fruit fly species, Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (all Diptera: Tephritidae) to trub (a protein‐rich waste brewer’s yeast product generated during the production of beer), Concord grape juice (a protein‐deficient material), and ammonium acetate, and (2) identified synergistic and additive interactions between low‐ and high‐attractiveness materials and ammonium acetate. We established the attractiveness of fresh trub, grape juice, and ammonium acetate when tested singly to females of all three fly species. Although ammonium acetate did not enhance significantly the response of females of any species to fresh trub, the most attractive material, ammonium acetate, did significantly enhance females’ level of response to aged trub (a comparatively less attractive material) and to grape juice. Our research found a synergistic interaction between diluted grape juice and ammonium acetate for B. cucurbitae, as well as between aged trub and ammonium acetate for B. dorsalis. For C. capitata, additive effects among food attractants and ammonium acetate were identified. Our findings increase our understanding of fruit fly female olfactory‐driven behavior in response to food‐based materials and the extent to which ammonium acetate modulates female response to protein‐rich and protein‐deficient materials.

中文翻译：

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以食物为基础的诱饵成分之间的协同和相加相互作用是吸引雌性果蝇的基础

氨衍生物的存在可以增强实蝇对某些食物来源的吸引力，氨衍生物被认为是富含蛋白质的食物来源的挥发性线索。使用比较方法，我们 (1) 评估了三种侵入性果蝇物种的雌性的行为反应，即实蝇 (Zeugodacus) 葫芦科 (Coquillett)、Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 和 Ceratitis capitalta (Wiedemann)（所有双翅目：实蝇科）对trub（啤酒生产过程中产生的一种富含蛋白质的废啤酒酵母产品）、Concord 葡萄汁（一种缺乏蛋白质的材料）和醋酸铵，以及 (2) 确定了低吸引力和高吸引力材料之间的协同和相加相互作用和醋酸铵。我们确立了新鲜果肉、葡萄汁的吸引力，和醋酸铵单独对所有三种苍蝇的雌性进行测试时。虽然醋酸铵没有显着提高任何物种的雌性对新鲜果树的反应，但最有吸引力的材料醋酸铵确实显着提高了雌性对陈年果树（一种相对不那么有吸引力的材料）和葡萄汁的反应水平。我们的研究发现，对于葫芦科植物，稀释的葡萄汁和醋酸铵之间存在协同作用，对于葫芦科植物，陈化的葡萄汁与醋酸铵之间存在协同作用。对于 C. capita，确定了食物引诱剂和醋酸铵之间的累加效应。