Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae has been spreading worldwide, although the reports focusing on Indonesian V. cholerae are few. In this study, in order to investigate how V. cholerae transmitted to human from environment. We extended an epidemiological report that had investigated the genotype of V. cholerae isolated from human pediatric samples and environmental samples. We examined 44 strains of V. cholerae isolated from pediatric diarrhea patients and the environment such as shrimps or oysters collected in three adjacent towns in Surabaya, Indonesia. Susceptibilities were examined for 11 antibiotics. Serotype O1 or O139 genes and pathogenic genes including cholera toxin were detected. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also performed to determine genetic diversity of those isolates. Serotype O1 was seen in 17 strains (38.6%) with all pathogenic genes among 44 isolates. Other isolates were non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae. Regarding antibiotic susceptibilities, those isolates from environmental samples showed resistance to ampicillin (11.4%), streptomycin (9.1%) and nalidixic acid (2.3%) but those isolates from pediatric stools showed no resistance to those 3 kinds of antibiotics. MLST revealed sequence type (ST) 69 in 17 strains (38.6%), ST198 in 3 strains (6.8%) and non-types in 24 strains (54.5%). All the ST69 strains were classified to O1 type with more than 95% similarity by ERIC-PCR, including all 6 (13.6%) isolates from environmental samples with resistance to streptomycin. In conclusion, V. cholerae O1 ST69 strains has been clonally spreading in Surabaya, exhibiting pathogenic factors and antibiotic resistance to streptomycin, especially in the isolates from environment.

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人类和环境之间的表型和基因型差异：印度尼西亚泗水的霍乱弧菌

霍乱是由于霍乱弧菌已全球蔓延，虽然报告着眼于印尼V。霍乱很少。在这项研究中，为了研究如何V。霍乱从环境传播到人类。我们扩展了一项流行病学报告，研究了V的基因型。从人类儿科样本和环境样本中分离出的霍乱杆菌。我们研究的44株V。霍乱分离自小儿腹泻患者和环境，例如在印度尼西亚泗水的三个相邻城镇中收集的虾或牡蛎。检查了11种抗生素的药敏性。检测到血清型O1或O139基因以及包括霍乱毒素在内的致病基因。还进行了多基因座序列分型（MLST）和肠细菌重复基因间共有（ERIC）-PCR，以确定这些分离株的遗传多样性。在具有44个分离株的所有致病基因的17个菌株（38.6％）中发现了O1血清型。其他分离株非O1 /非O139 V。霍乱。关于抗生素的敏感性，从环境样品中分离出的那些对氨苄青霉素（11.4％），链霉素（9.1％）和萘啶酸（2.3％）有抗药性，但从儿科粪便中分离出的对这三种抗生素没有抗药性。MLST揭示了17个菌株（38.6％）中的序列类型（ST）69、3个菌株（6.8％）中的ST198和24个菌株（54.5％）中的非类型。通过ERIC-PCR将所有ST69菌株分类为O1型，相似度超过95％，包括来自环境样品中对链霉素具有抗性的所有6种（13.6％）分离株。总之，V。霍乱弧菌O1 ST69菌株已在泗水无性繁殖，表现出致病因素和对链霉素的抗生素抗性，尤其是在环境分离物中。