The transition from smoldering to flaming was studied on fabric, batting, and foam assemblies via an electric spot ignition source of similar intensity to a cigarette. The materials studied included four different fabrics (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend, flame retardant cotton/polyester blend), two types of batting (cotton, polyester), and three types of polyurethane foam (nonflame retardant, flame retardant by FMVSS 302 testing, flame retardant by BS5852 testing). The results from testing found that materials highly prone to smoldering could propagate smoldering into foams and lead to ignition, whereas materials that tended to melt back from the ignition source did not. Flame retardant fabrics or foam can and do prevent the transition from smoldering to flaming provided sufficient levels of flame retardants are incorporated in the upholstery fabric or foam. The transition from smoldering to flaming of cotton fabric/nonflame retardant foam assembly was also studied using temperature measurements and evolved gas analysis. It was determined that the transition takes place when the oxygen consumption by accelerating smoldering front exceeds the oxygen supply. At this point, the solid fuel gasification becomes driven by thermal decomposition rather than by surface oxidation which leads to high enough concentrations of fuel for flaming combustion to occur.

中文翻译：

---

研究聚氨酯家具子组件中的闷烧到燃烧转变：织物，阻燃剂和材料类型的影响

在织物，棉絮和泡沫塑料组件上，通过与香烟具有类似强度的电点点火源，研究了从闷烧到燃烧的过渡过程。研究的材料包括四种不同的织物（棉，涤纶，棉/聚酯混纺，阻燃棉/聚酯混纺），两种棉絮（棉，聚酯）和三种聚氨酯泡沫（非阻燃，FMVSS 302阻燃）测试，阻燃剂通过BS5852测试）。测试的结果发现，极易闷燃的材料可能会将闷燃传播到泡沫中并导致起火，而趋于从点火源融化的材料则不会。如果在装饰织物或泡沫中掺入足够量的阻燃剂，则阻燃织物或泡沫可以并且确实防止从闷烧过渡到燃烧。还使用温度测量和逸出气体分析研究了棉织物/非阻燃泡沫组件从闷烧到燃烧的过渡。已确定当通过加速闷烧锋面而消耗的氧气超过氧气供应时发生转变。在这一点上，固体燃料的气化是通过热分解而不是通过表面氧化来驱动的，这导致发生足够高的燃料浓度以进行燃烧燃烧。还使用温度测量和逸出气体分析研究了棉织物/非阻燃泡沫组件从闷烧到燃烧的过渡。已确定当通过加速闷烧锋面而消耗的氧气超过氧气供应时发生转变。在这一点上，固体燃料的气化是通过热分解而不是通过表面氧化来驱动的，这导致发生足够高的燃料浓度以进行燃烧燃烧。还使用温度测量和逸出气体分析研究了棉织物/非阻燃泡沫组件从闷烧到燃烧的过渡。已确定当通过加速闷烧锋面而消耗的氧气超过氧气供应时发生转变。在这一点上，固体燃料的气化是通过热分解而不是通过表面氧化来驱动的，这导致发生足够高的燃料浓度以进行燃烧燃烧。