Campanula fenestrellata subsp. fenestrellata and C. fenestrellata subsp. istriaca belong to the morphologically and phylogenetically well established amphi-Adriatic group Campanula ser. Garganicae. The two morphologically differentiated endemic taxa are distributed on the north-eastern Adriatic islands and coast. In order to study the relationships among C. fenestrellata s.l. populations and to gain insight into genetic basis of taxonomic separation established on morphology, we examined amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) as well as nuclear and plastid DNA sequences (ITS and trnL–trnF). With the sequence data, no structure and no distinction between the two subspecies were observed. The AFLPs separated populations geographically and inferred high number of most likely clusters. The northern and the southernmost populations were assigned to uniform separate clusters indicating the longer isolation of respective populations, while the admixed populations were evident in the central area where the two taxa geographically overlap, indicating the presence of gene flow. Distinct fragmentation patterns and the existence of several temporally continuous microrefugia during the Quaternary climatic oscillations likely promoted strong genetic differentiation within the species range, while secondary postglacial contacts are reflected in observed admixture. Although the two taxa exhibited differences in ecological preferences, niche conservatism was detected. Overall, phylogeographic reconstruction of C. fenestrellata s.l. populations highlights the importance of microrefugia in shaping the intraspecific genetic variation as well as of melting-pot areas in rearranging such variation as a result of a more recent admixture.

中文翻译：

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亚得里亚海北部风铃草科（Campanulaceae）的系统地理学

风铃草亚种。fenestrellata 和 C. fenestrelata subsp。istriaca 属于形态学和系统发育良好的两栖亚得里亚海群 Campanula ser。甘草科。两种形态差异化的地方性分类群分布在亚得里亚海的东北部岛屿和海岸。为了研究 C. fenestrellata sl 种群之间的关系并深入了解基于形态学建立的分类学分离的遗传基础，我们检查了扩增片段长度多态性 (AFLP) 以及核和质体 DNA 序列（ITS 和 trnL-trnF） . 对于序列数据，没有观察到两个亚种之间的结构和区别。AFLPs 在地理上分离了种群，并推断出大量最可能的集群。北部和最南端的种群被分配到统一的独立集群，表明各自种群的隔离时间更长，而混合种群在两个分类群地理重叠的中心区域很明显，表明存在基因流。第四纪气候振荡期间不同的破碎模式和几个时间上连续的微型避难所的存在可能促进了物种范围内的强烈遗传分化，而次生冰后接触反映在观察到的混合物中。尽管这两个分类群在生态偏好上表现出差异，但检测到生态位保守性。总体而言，C. fenestrellata sl 的系统地理学重建