Insects provide key ecosystem services such as pollination, dung burial, soil enhancement, and pest control. Global insect decline requires restoration of the plant–insect mutualistic interactions. By using magnet plants, it is possible to supply beneficial insects with better resource availability and create more sustainable habitats. Current management practices recommend using Umbellifers (Apiales, Apiaceae) in restoration projects. However, analyses of the structure and dynamics of entomofauna associated with this plant family is needed to facilitate practical actions. Here the attention is focused on species composition and seasonal dynamics of beneficial insects associated with sweet fennel Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae, Umbelliferae) in Crimea. A 2-year sampling campaign identified 60 insect species from 40 genera across 20 families and four orders: Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera. These insects represented the groups such as social wasps, bees, ants, bumble bees, potter wasps, beetles, lacewings, mud daubers, tachinid flies, and hoverflies. Social wasps and hoverflies dominated in sample collections. Most of insects collected benefit ecosystems and provide essential ecosystem services. During fennel’s flowering season, the number of visits by bumble bees, beetles, bees. and wasps decreased. Contrastingly, dipterans visitation increased towards the end of the season. Such trends might be explained with fennel’s functional protandry, bias in nectar production between male and female flower stages, and insects’ feeding preferences. F. vulgare attracts a diverse assemblage of beneficial insects and consequently can be recommended as a magnet species. When aiming to attract specific insect groups, the seasonal dynamics of fennel’s associated entomofauna should be considered.

中文翻译：

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甜茴香相关的昆虫：通才植物吸引的有益访客

昆虫提供关键的生态系统服务，例如授粉，粪便掩埋，土壤改良和害虫防治。全球昆虫数量的下降需要恢复植物与昆虫之间的相互作用。通过使用磁铁植物，可以为有益昆虫提供更好的资源可用性，并创造更多可持续的栖息地。当前的管理实践建议在修复项目中使用伞形科（伞形科，伞形科）。但是，需要分析与该植物科有关的昆虫动物的结构和动力学，以促进实际行动。在这里，注意力集中在与甜茴香茴香（Fenienum vulgare）有关的有益昆虫的种类组成和季节动态上。（伞形科，伞形科）在克里米亚。一项为期2年的采样活动确定了20个科和40个科中40个属的60种昆虫种类：膜翅目，双翅目，鞘翅目和神经翅目。这些昆虫代表了以下群体：社交性黄蜂，蜜蜂，蚂蚁，大黄蜂，波特黄蜂，甲虫，草wing，泥涂抹，实蝇和盘旋蝇。社交黄蜂和盘旋蝇在样本收集中占主导地位。收集的大多数昆虫有益于生态系统并提供必要的生态系统服务。在茴香的开花季节，大黄蜂，甲虫和蜜蜂的造访次数。黄蜂减少。相比之下，北美洲人到本季末的访问量有所增加。可以用茴香的功能性脯氨酸，雄性和雌性花期之间的花蜜产生偏差以及昆虫的摄食偏好来解释这种趋势。F. vulgare吸引了各种各样的有益昆虫，因此可以推荐作为磁铁。当旨在吸引特定的昆虫群体时，应考虑茴香相关的昆虫动物的季节动态。