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Severe Insect Pest Impacts on New Zealand Pasture: The Plight of an Ecological Outlier.
Journal of Insect Science ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 , DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa018
Stephen L Goldson 1, 2 , Gary M Barker 3 , Hazel M Chapman 4 , Alison J Popay 5 , Alan V Stewart 6 , John R Caradus 7 , Barbara I P Barratt 8
Affiliation  

New Zealand's intensive pastures, comprised almost entirely introduced Lolium L. and Trifolium L. species, are arguably the most productive grazing-lands in the world. However, these areas are vulnerable to destructive invasive pest species. Of these, three of the most damaging pests are weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that have relatively recently been controlled by three different introduced parasitoids, all belonging to the genus Microctonus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Arguably that these introduced parasitoids have been highly effective is probably because they, like many of the exotic pest species, have benefited from enemy release. Parasitism has been so intense that, very unusually, one of the weevils has now evolved resistance to its parthenogenetic parasitoid. This review argues that New Zealand's high exotic pasture pest burden is attributable to a lack of pasture plant and natural enemy diversity that presents little biotic resistance to invasive species. There is a native natural enemy fauna in New Zealand that has evolved over millions of years of geographical isolation. However, these species remain in their indigenous ecosystems and, therefore, play a minimal role in creating biotic resistance in the country's exotic ecosystems. For clear ecological reasons relating to the nature of New Zealand pastures, importation biological control can work extremely well. Conversely, conservation biological control is less likely to be effective than elsewhere.

中文翻译:

严重的虫害对新西兰牧场的影响:生态异常的困境。

新西兰的集约化牧场几乎全部引进了黑麦草和三叶草物种,可以说是世界上生产力最高的放牧地。但是,这些地区很容易受到破坏性侵入性有害生物的侵害。其中,最具破坏性的三种害虫是象鼻虫(鞘翅目:Curculionidae),它们相对较近地受到三种不同的已引入的寄生虫的控制,这些寄生虫均属于微囊藻Wesmael属(膜翅目:Braconidae)。可以说这些引入的寄生虫非常有效,可能是因为它们像许多外来有害生物一样,都受益于敌人的释放。寄生虫病非常强烈,以至于非常不寻常的是,一只象鼻虫现在已经进化出对其单性生殖寄生虫的抵抗力。这项审查认为,新西兰 牧草外来有害生物负担高是由于草场植物的缺乏和天敌的多样性,对入侵物种几乎没有生物抵抗力。新西兰有数百万年的地理隔离史,它有一个本地天敌动物区系。但是,这些物种仍保留在其本土生态系统中,因此,在该国的外来生态系统中产生生物抗性方面发挥的作用很小。出于与新西兰牧场性质有关的明确生态原因,进口生物防治工作非常有效。相反,与其他地方相比,保护性生物防治不太可能有效。新西兰有数百万年的地理隔离史,它有一个本地天敌动物区系。但是,这些物种仍保留在其本土生态系统中,因此,在该国的外来生态系统中产生生物抗性方面发挥的作用很小。出于与新西兰牧场性质有关的明确生态原因,进口生物防治工作非常有效。相反,与其他地方相比,保护性生物防治不太可能有效。新西兰有数百万年的地理隔离史,它有一个本地天敌动物区系。但是,这些物种仍保留在其本土生态系统中,因此,在该国的外来生态系统中产生生物抗性方面发挥的作用很小。出于与新西兰牧场性质有关的明确生态原因,进口生物防治工作非常有效。相反,与其他地方相比,保护性生物防治不太可能有效。进口生物防治工作可以非常有效。相反,与其他地方相比,保护性生物防治不太可能有效。进口生物防治工作可以非常有效。相反,与其他地方相比,保护性生物防治不太可能有效。
更新日期:2020-04-23
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