Vietnam features extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and occupies a key position in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Yet, the genetic diversity of Vietnam remains relatively unexplored, especially with genome-wide data, because previous studies have focused mainly on the majority Kinh group. Here we analyze newly-generated genome-wide SNP data for the Kinh and 21 additional ethnic groups in Vietnam, encompassing all five major language families in MSEA. In addition to analyzing the allele and haplotype sharing within the Vietnamese groups, we incorporate published data from both nearby modern populations and ancient samples for comparison. In contrast to previous studies that suggested a largely indigenous origin for Vietnamese genetic diversity, we find that Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups harbor multiple sources of genetic diversity that likely reflect different sources for the ancestry associated with each language family. However, linguistic diversity does not completely match genetic diversity: there have been extensive interactions between the Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai groups; different Austro-Asiatic groups show different affinities with other ethnolinguistic groups; and we identified a likely case of cultural diffusion in which some Austro-Asiatic groups shifted to Austronesian languages during the past 2,500 years. Overall, our results highlight the importance of genome-wide data from dense sampling of ethnolinguistic groups in providing new insights into the genetic diversity and history of an ethnolinguistically-diverse region, such as Vietnam.

中文翻译：

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越南广泛的民族语言多样性反映了遗传多样性的多种来源。

越南具有广泛的民族语言多样性，在东南亚大陆地区（MSEA）中占有重要地位。但是，越南的遗传多样性仍然相对未开发，尤其是在全基因组数据方面，因为先前的研究主要集中在大多数Kinh组。在这里，我们分析了越南Kinh和另外21个种族的新生成的全基因组SNP数据，涵盖了MSEA中的所有五个主要语言家族。除了分析越南人群中的等位基因和单倍型共享，我们还结合了来自附近现代人群和古代样本的公开数据进行比较。与先前的研究表明越南遗传多样性主要来自土著的研究相比，我们发现，越南民族语言群体拥有多种遗传多样性资源，可能反映了与每个语言家族相关的血统的不同来源。但是，语言多样性与遗传多样性并不完全匹配：苗族和泰卡岱族之间存在广泛的互动。不同的南亚人群体与其他民族语言群体表现出不同的亲和力；并且我们发现了一种可能的文化传播案例，在过去的2500年中，一些奥亚人群体转向了南斯拉夫语系。总体而言，我们的结果强调了从种族语言群体的密集采样中获得全基因组数据的重要性，以提供对诸如越南这样的种族语言多样的地区的遗传多样性和历史的新见解。