Abstract In the work, we present dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is an analytical method capable of characterizing and quantifying electrochemically active materials (water/ice, ions, etc.) in planetary regoliths. Detection of these materials occurs when a small amount of energy is applied to an in situ sample, causing perturbation in the form of potential kinetic energy and inducing polarization and/or relaxation processes in materials of interest. The frequency dispersion on the electrical properties of impendences, relative permittivity, and conductivity spectra represents chemical and physical properties in association with inherent material properties. Therefore, measuring these energetic states can provide a unique fingerprint of the materials, depending on the frequencies that are scanned. In the case of water content in soils, the Debye equivalent circuit model can accurately predict its electrical properties and provide excellent quantification of the water content in soils. Use of DS is enabled by miniaturization of the key components and the low power requirements. DS is therefore capable of offering substantial scientific returns as an in situ sampling and non-destructive measurement technique, making it ideally suitable for deployment onboard many smaller space exploratory platforms. This work reports the first deployment use of DS from a field test for geochemical characterization of in situ soils, specifically on the quantification of water onboard the AXEL mobility system in the Mojave Desert. Laboratory testing has confirmed the sensitivity of DS with respect to particle size (fine vs coarse) determination as well as water content (down to 0.01 ​wt%) under a wide range of environmental conditions. Water content associated with bound and bulk water was uniquely identified in the soil mixture. We also describe a field demonstration using DS using two distinct insertion dielectric probes specifically design for sub-surface measurements, verifying their mechanical robustness and chemical stability. The field measurements are in good agreement with laboratory data and effectively quantified water content at about 3.0 ​wt% and 8.0 ​wt% for field test sites #1 and #2, respectively.

中文翻译：

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在行星表面实现新的探索机会：通过 AXEL 漫游车系统上的介电光谱对土壤进行原位地球化学表征

摘要 在这项工作中，我们提出了介电光谱 (DS) 是一种能够表征和量化行星风化层中电化学活性材料（水/冰、离子等）的分析方法。当向原位样品施加少量能量时，就会检测到这些材料，从而导致以势能形式出现的扰动，并在感兴趣的材料中引起极化和/或弛豫过程。阻抗、相对介电常数和电导率谱的电特性的频率色散代表与固有材料特性相关的化学和物理特性。因此，根据扫描的频率，测量这些能量状态可以提供材料的独特指纹。在土壤含水量的情况下，德拜等效电路模型可以准确预测其电气特性，并提供土壤中水分含量的出色量化。DS 的使用是通过关键组件的小型化和低功率要求实现的。因此，作为一种原位采样和无损测量技术，DS 能够提供大量的科学回报，使其非常适合部署在许多较小的太空探索平台上。这项工作报告了首次部署使用 DS 的现场测试，用于原位土壤地球化学表征，特别是在莫哈韦沙漠中 AXEL 移动系统上的水量化。实验室测试已证实 DS 在粒度（细与粗）测定以及水含量（低至 0. 01 wt%) 在广泛的环境条件下。在土壤混合物中唯一确定了与结合水和散装水相关的水含量。我们还描述了使用 DS 的现场演示，使用两个不同的插入介电探针专门设计用于地下测量，验证它们的机械稳健性和化学稳定性。现场测量结果与实验室数据非常吻合，并且有效量化了现场测试地点 #1 和 #2 的含水量分别约为 3.0 wt% 和 8.0 wt%。验证它们的机械强度和化学稳定性。现场测量结果与实验室数据非常吻合，并且有效地量化了现场测试地点 #1 和 #2 的含水量分别约为 3.0 重量％和 8.0 重量％。验证它们的机械强度和化学稳定性。现场测量结果与实验室数据非常吻合，并且有效地量化了现场测试地点 #1 和 #2 的含水量分别约为 3.0 重量％和 8.0 重量％。