The field of project management has been trying to find generalizable sets of rules, and this article applies approaches and methods from systems engineering to develop such rules that support flexible project design. It presents an approach for modeling projects that divides project systems into three interacting subsystems (planned, executed, and interface systems) and proposes a framework for designing projects that integrates project implementation, verification, and validation. To build a generalizable model, this article revisits the notation of modal systems developed by Wymore and combines it with more recent developments in systems engineering, project design, and management. The temporary and changing environments of projects are addressed by adjusting the Wymorian definitions and related mathematical models to represent projects as a sequence of transient modes rather than activities. This approach enables better design and control of projects by reducing uncertainty and its consequences through a systematic framework for planning, monitoring, and controlling projects.

中文翻译：

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项目系统，模式和状态的基于模型的设计

项目管理领域一直在尝试找到可通用的规则集，本文将运用系统工程中的方法和方法来开发支持灵活项目设计的规则。它提供了一种用于项目建模的方法，该方法将项目系统分为三个交互子系统（计划的，执行的和接口的系统），并提出了一个设计项目的框架，该框架集成了项目的实现，验证和确认。为了构建可推广的模型，本文将回顾Wymore开发的模态系统的概念，并将其与系统工程，项目设计和管理方面的最新发展相结合。通过调整Wymorian定义和相关的数学模型来解决项目的临时和多变的环境，以将项目表示为一系列暂态模式而非活动。这种方法通过系统地规划，监视和控制项目的框架来减少不确定性及其后果，从而可以更好地设计和控制项目。