Abstract To determine the sources of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 in different ambient atmospheres (urban, roadside, industrial, and rural sites), the chemical components of PM2.5 such as ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), carbonaceous species, and elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn) were measured. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 at the urban, roadside, industrial, and rural sites were 31.5 ± 14.8, 31.6 ± 22.3, 31.4 ± 16.0, and 25.8 ± 12.4 μg/m3, respectively. Except for secondary ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, the model results showed that the traffic source (i.e., the sum of gasoline and diesel vehicle sources) was the most dominant source of PM2.5 (17.1%) followed by biomass burning (13.8%) at the urban site. The major primary sources of PM2.5 were consistent with the site characteristics (diesel vehicle source at the roadside site, coal-fired plants at the industrial site, and biomass burning at the rural site). Seasonal data from the urban site suggested that ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were the most dominant sources of PM2.5 during all seasons. Further, the contribution of road dust source to PM2.5 increased during spring and fall seasons. We conclude that the determination of the major PM2.5 sources is useful for establishing efficient control strategies for PM2.5 in different regions and seasons.

中文翻译：

---

使用化学质量平衡模型确定韩国不同环境大气中细颗粒物的来源

5 与场地特征（路边场地的柴油车源、工业场地的燃煤电厂和农村场地的生物质燃烧）一致。来自城市站点的季节性数据表明，硫酸铵和硝酸铵是所有季节 PM2.5 的最主要来源。此外，春秋季节道路扬尘源对PM2.5的贡献增加。我们得出的结论是，确定 PM2.5 主要来源有助于制定不同地区和季节 PM2.5 的有效控制策略。5 在所有季节。此外，春秋季节道路扬尘源对PM2.5的贡献增加。我们得出的结论是，确定 PM2.5 主要来源有助于制定不同地区和季节 PM2.5 的有效控制策略。5 在所有季节。此外，春秋季节道路扬尘源对PM2.5的贡献增加。我们得出的结论是，确定 PM2.5 主要来源有助于制定不同地区和季节 PM2.5 的有效控制策略。