Abstract Although prostate cancer accounts for the highest number of newly diagnosed cases of cancer in men, it represents a specific diagnostic challenge in modern oncology. The standard diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma begins with the screening of serum concentrations of PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen). If the concentration of serum PSA levels is above 4 ng/mL, the patient is further referred to a digital rectal examination in order to determine an increase in prostate volume. In cases where enlargement of the prostate is observed, the next step is biopsy of prostate tissue. This physically painful and invasive approach to confirm the diagnosis is often unnecessary because, in many cases, the patohistologic analysis determines diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and not a tumor. In this study, we investigated the possibilities of detection and measurement of the relative level of gene expression of the KLK3 (Kallikrein-related peptidase 3), PCA3 (Prostate Cancer Gene 3) and TEMPRSS: ERG (Transmembrane protease serine2 and in-ETS erythroblostosis virus E26 oncogene homolog) genes from the urine samples of patients with prostatic diseases and healthy controls. Urine was the sample of choice because it is taken in a non-invasive manner, and could potentially serve to make better selection to biopsy. One of the selected genes (KLK3) differed significantly in the samples of various pathological conditions of the prostate, and therefore we consider that its further investigation is reasonable.

中文翻译：

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尿液沉渣中 KLK3 基因表达的临界值有助于合理诊断前列腺癌

摘要 尽管前列腺癌占男性新诊断癌症病例的最高数量，但它代表了现代肿瘤学中的特定诊断挑战。前列腺癌的标准诊断始于血清 PSA（前列腺特异性抗原）浓度的筛查。如果血清 PSA 浓度高于 4 ng/mL，则进一步将患者转诊至直肠指检以确定前列腺体积的增加。在观察到前列腺增大的情况下，下一步是对前列腺组织进行活检。这种用于确认诊断的身体疼痛和侵入性方法通常是不必要的，因为在许多情况下，病理组织学分析决定了良性前列腺增生的诊断，而不是肿瘤。在这项研究中，我们研究了检测和测量 KLK3（激肽释放酶相关肽酶 3）、PCA3（前列腺癌基因 3）和 TEMPRSS：ERG（跨膜蛋白酶丝氨酸 2 和 in-ETS 红细胞增多症病毒 E26 致癌基因同源物）的相对水平的可能性）来自前列腺疾病患者和健康对照者尿液样本的基因。尿液是首选样本，因为它是以非侵入性方式采集的，并且可能有助于更好地选择活检。选定的基因之一（KLK3）在前列腺各种病理状况的样本中存在显着差异，因此我们认为其进一步研究是合理的。来自前列腺疾病患者和健康对照尿样的 ERG（跨膜蛋白酶丝氨酸 2 和 in-ETS 红细胞增多症病毒 E26 癌基因同源物）基因。尿液是首选样本，因为它是以非侵入性方式采集的，并且可能有助于更好地选择活检。选定的基因之一（KLK3）在前列腺各种病理状况的样本中存在显着差异，因此我们认为其进一步研究是合理的。来自前列腺疾病患者和健康对照尿样的 ERG（跨膜蛋白酶丝氨酸 2 和 in-ETS 红细胞增多症病毒 E26 癌基因同源物）基因。尿液是首选样本，因为它是以非侵入性方式采集的，并且可能有助于更好地选择活检。选定的基因之一（KLK3）在前列腺各种病理状况的样本中存在显着差异，因此我们认为其进一步研究是合理的。