The phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of Pulmonata were studied by the information derived from a concatenated dataset consisting of mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (18S and 28S) markers. Heterobranchia are recovered as monophyletic. Euthyneura as paraphyletic due to the emergence of taxa from Opisthobranchia and lower Heterobranchia. The major groups of Pulmonata, namely Stylommatophora, Veronicellidae, Onchidiidae, Otinoidea, Siphonarioidea and Hygrophila are recovered as monophyletic. Monophyly of Basommatophora was not confirmed due to the variable position of Siphonarioidea and Amphiboloidea. Evolutionary divergence times for different taxa were also estimated using a relaxed molecular clock method in Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST). The common ancestor of Heterobranchia and Caenogastropoda was originated in the Silurian period and the common ancestors of Euthyneura and Pulmonata were originated in the Carboniferous and lower Triassic periods, respectively.

中文翻译：

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基于线粒体 (16S, COI) 和核标记 (18S, 28S) 的 Pulmonata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) 的分子系统发育和进化：概述

通过由线粒体（16S 和 COI）和核（18S 和 28S）标记组成的串联数据集获得的信息，研究了 Pulmonata 主要群体之间的系统发育关系。异鳃类作为单系被回收。由于从后鳃亚目和下异鳃亚目中出现了类群，真鱼属作为并系群。Pulmonata 的主要类群，即 Styommatophora、Veronicellidae、Onchidiidae、Otinoidea、Siphonarioidea 和 Hygrophila 作为单系被回收。由于 Siphonarioidea 和 Amphiboloidea 的位置不同，Basommatophora 的单一性未得到证实。在贝叶斯进化分析中通过采样树 (BEAST) 使用松弛分子钟方法估计了不同分类群的进化发散时间。