Pesticides exert a wide variety of functions for controlling pests. At low doses the pests are not much affected and parallel to that a chance of tolerance has been expected. In this study a population of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster was grown under various doses of insecticide Malathion and herbicide Paraquat. Lower than the sub-lethal doses (0.2 micromolar), various biomolecular alterations in terms of protein oxidation (Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, AOPP), lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA), sialic acids, total thiols, Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity have been observed. Positive alteration in AOPP for both Malathion and Paraquat treated fruit flies as well as increased MDA content in Paraquat treated flies are the alterations in the fruit fly population because of oxidative stress. The unaffected MDA, sialic acid content and CUPRAC antioxidant capacity for Malathion treated flies demonstrates the diminished effects of oxidative stress exerted through Malathion. There is increase sialic acid and CUPRAC antioxidant capacity after treatment of Paraquat. There is also an increase in total thiols and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity after treatment of both Malathion and Paraquat. These results evidently show that improved antioxidant mechanisms effectively alleviate the oxidative stress exerted by pesticides. This study is clearly reflecting that oxidative stress generated by the sub lethal doses of pesticides can be diminished and certain tolerance level is also achieved by the insects in terms of increased antioxidant defence and longevity.

Graphical abstract

农药具有多种控制害虫的功能。在低剂量下，害虫受到的影响不大，与之相伴的是可以耐受。在这项研究中，果蝇果蝇果蝇在不同剂量的杀虫剂马拉硫磷和除草剂百草枯中生长。低于亚致死剂量（0.2微摩尔），在蛋白质氧化（高级氧化蛋白质产品，AOPP），脂质过氧化（丙二醛，MDA），唾液酸，总硫醇，铜离子还原抗氧化能力（CUPRAC）方面，各种生物分子改变）和2,2'-叠氮基双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）（ABTS）阳离子清除活性。马拉硫磷和百草枯处理过的果蝇AOPP的正向变化以及百草枯处理过的果蝇中MDA含量的增加是果蝇种群由于氧化胁迫而发生的变化。不受影响的MDA，马拉硫磷处理过的果蝇的唾液酸含量和CUPRAC抗氧化能力证明了马拉硫磷所施加的氧化应激作用减弱。百草枯治疗后唾液酸和CUPRAC抗氧化能力增强。在治疗马拉硫磷和百草枯后，总硫醇和ABTS阳离子自由基清除活性也增加。这些结果显然表明，改进的抗氧化剂机理可有效减轻农药施加的氧化应激。这项研究清楚地表明，可以减少亚致死剂量的农药产生的氧化应激，并且通过提高抗氧化防御能力和延长寿命，昆虫还可以达到一定的耐受水平。百草枯治疗后唾液酸和CUPRAC抗氧化能力增强。在治疗马拉硫磷和百草枯后，总硫醇和ABTS阳离子自由基清除活性也增加。这些结果显然表明，改进的抗氧化剂机理可有效减轻农药施加的氧化应激。这项研究清楚地表明，可以减少亚致死剂量的农药产生的氧化应激，并且通过提高抗氧化防御能力和延长寿命，昆虫还可以达到一定的耐受水平。百草枯治疗后唾液酸和CUPRAC抗氧化能力增强。在治疗马拉硫磷和百草枯后，总硫醇和ABTS阳离子自由基清除活性也增加。这些结果显然表明，改进的抗氧化剂机理可有效减轻农药施加的氧化应激。这项研究清楚地表明，可以减少亚致死剂量的农药产生的氧化应激，并且通过提高抗氧化防御能力和延长寿命，昆虫还可以达到一定的耐受水平。这些结果显然表明，改进的抗氧化剂机理可有效减轻农药施加的氧化应激。这项研究清楚地表明，可以减少亚致死剂量的农药产生的氧化应激，并且通过提高抗氧化防御能力和延长寿命，昆虫还可以达到一定的耐受水平。这些结果显然表明，改进的抗氧化剂机理可有效减轻农药施加的氧化应激。这项研究清楚地表明，可以减少亚致死剂量的农药产生的氧化应激，并且通过提高抗氧化防御能力和延长寿命，昆虫还可以达到一定的耐受水平。

图形概要